Lagal and Illegal Access to Personal Information Online Essay

Lagal and Illegal Access to Personal Information Online - Essay Example Where the computer era has devised numerous ways to work more quickly, efficiently, professionally and resourcefully, it has brought with it what we call cyber-crime -- misusing other people’s information without their permission and knowledge. The topic to be discussed here is about the risks and hazards of information being misused over the internet. The worst part about cyber-crime is that it is much easier to escape from it without revealing identity or improvising a false identity. The reason for it is, of course, the resourcefulness of the internet and the fact that it is away from any kind of physical presence. Moreover, it is very easy to replicate data on the internet to get involved in different kinds of crimes. With the increasing technological trends and movement towards cyber space so rapidly, it is inevitable that soon the cyber world will be dealt with a separate set of rules and regulation, laws and globalization. It is not long before divisions within the cybe r space will be dealt like a separate state just like physically existing country (Wall, 2007, p.10). What is needed here is that we deal with the dark side of moving towards technology in a way that we are safe from its harmful effects in the long run, that most people fail to realize at the moment. Thesis Statement An analysis of the reasons of internet crime along with its consequence leads to a technological challenge -- whether the harmful consequences outweigh the benefits of internet and what should be done to reduce crime involving unethical practices of hacking, identity theft, crime in e-commerce and social networking. Categories of Cyber Crime Cyber Crime is divided into many categories. These include spam, availability of obscene content, threats, misinformation, cyber terrorism and fraud. With such a huge variety of crime going on the internet, it becomes very easy to exploit the users (Brenner, 2010, p.8). The users also come into several categories, from amateurs to p rofessionals and naive people who do not realize the harmful implications that the usage of internet might cause. The greatest misuse of internet is taking place in the following domains: †¢ E-commerce   †¢ Social networking   †¢ Identity theft   †¢ Hacking   From amongst the above given domains, E-Commerce and Social Networking will be discussed in greater depth. E-Commerce is defines as exchange of goods and services over the internet involving Business transactions, buying and selling as well as the World Wide Web (Bushry, 2005, p.3). Social Networking refers to online networks that allow people to communicate over the internet and build social relations and broad networks ( Stenzel & Nesdahl, 2012 p.19). Identity Theft is the stealing of someone else’s identity and pretending to be someone else, impersonating to be another person or using their identity such as their name or credentials (Boyer, 2008, p.7). Hacking means to identify weaknesses i n other networks and take over their networks and later on, misuse them (Brenner, 2010, p.11). E-Commerce Electronic Commerce as defined above is a rapidly growing concept that allows exchange of good

Famous Personalities Who Took Up Engineering Courses Essay Example for Free

Famous Personalities Who Took Up Engineering Courses Essay 1. Dolph Lundgren (Chemical Engineering) Before pursuing an acting career, Dolph Lundgren studied chemistry and chemical engineering. He has a Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden) and a Master’s Degree in Chemical Engineering (University of Sydney) and was studying at MIT on a Fullbright Scholarship before finally deciding to quit and pursue acting. 2. Cindy Crawford (Chemical Engineering) Cindy Crawford graduated as the batch valedictorian during high school and attended the Northwestern University to study Chemical Engineering on a scholarship. She dropped out after a semester to go into modelling full-time. 3. Bill Nye (Mechanical Engineering) Bill Nye actually graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1977. After graduation, he headed to Seattle to work for Boeing. During his time in Seattle, he entered a Steve Martin look-a-like contest that eventually led to his dual careers: An engineer by day, stand-up comic by night. In a few short years, he began appearing on Saturday Night Live and later on Comedy Central, and â€Å"Bill Nye the Science Guy† was born. 4. Tom Scholz (Mechanical Engineering) Before Tom Scholz founded the rock band â€Å"Boston†, he received both bachelors and master’s degrees in mechanical engineering from MIT. While he was a student at MIT he made his own pedals for his electric guitar and experimented with sounds. His first job out of college was as a senior product designer for the Polaroid Corporation, where he received his first of many patent credits. 5. Jimmy Carter (Nuclear Engineering) Jimmy Carter was the 39th US president and was also a nuclear engineer. Carter went to the Georgia Institute of Technology and graduated in 1947 from US Naval Academy with a general Bachelor’s Degree in Nuclear Engineering. In the navy, he focused on submarines. He was chosen for the nuclear submarine program and did graduate work in reactor technology and nuclear physics. 6. Scott Adams (Software Engineering) Scott Adams was never technically trained as an â€Å"engineer,† though â€Å"engineer† was on his business card. He worked as a software / telecommunications engineer at Pacific Bell. From 1989 until 1995, he worked his day job while doing the Dilbert comic strip mornings, evenings and weekends. 7. Neil Armstrong (Aerospace Engineering) The first man on the moon was an engineer! Armstrong majored in aerospace engineering at Purdue University, which he followed up with a masters in aerospace from the University of Southern California. Afterwards, he joined the navy and trained as a pilot. He later became a test pilot, and finally an astronaut before landing on the moon and uttering one of the most repeated and quoted phrases in human history. 8. Jorge Mario Bergoglio / Pope Francis (Chemical Engineering) Before entering the seminary, Pope Francis studied chemistry and graduated as a chemical engineer. 9. Rowan Atkinson (Electrical Engineering) Before becoming the famous Mr. Bean, Rowan Atkinson studied at the Newcastle University in 1975 where he obtained his bachelor’s in electrical engineering. Afterward he continued his studies, ultimately obtaining the degree of MSc in Electrical Engineering from The Queen’s College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he pursued acting on the side with a variety of clubs. It is from here that he was bitten by the acting bug and decided to forgo his career as an engineer. 10. Herbert Hoover (Civil and Mining Engineering) Before becoming the 31st US president, Herbert Hoover was both a civil and a mining engineer. Hoover started out at Stanford in 1891 and got a job as a mining engineer in Australia. He then went to work in the Chinese mining industry and started a few mining companies. Afterwards, he got more and more involved with government work, before finally becoming president. 11. Tom Landry (Industrial Engineering) One of the most famous coaches in NFL was an engineer. Tom Landry received his degree in industrial engineering from the University of Texas (where he played football) and the University of Houston, graduating in 1952. Before starting his coaching career in 1956, he first became a player in the NFL. 12. Ashton Kutcher (Biochemical Engineering) Before becoming an actor, Ashton Kutcher enrolled at the University of Iowa in 1996 where he majored in Biochemical Engineering. He was motivated to take this degree because he had the desire to find a cure for his younger brother’s heart ailment. 13. Ally Walker (Biomedical Engineering) Walker went to college with the intention of becoming a scientist or a doctor. She attended the University of California at Santa Cruz and obtained a bachelor’s in biochemistry. But, while there, she worked in the labs as a researcher on a genetic engineering project. But shortly after being a cast in her first film (Aloha Summer), her career in science was put on hold. 14. Herbie Hancock (Electrical Engineering) Herbie Hancock attended Grinnell College and double-majored in electrical engineering and music. Though he was an accomplished musician before he even got to college, music was not his first draw. 15. Sergei Brin and Larry Page (Computer Science) Brin and Page were two computer nuts who first met at Stanford University a decade ago while earning graduate degrees in computer science. Brin had a B.S. in mathematics from the University of Maryland while Page had an engineering B.S. from the University of Michigan. They didn’t get along at first, but their friendship grew as Brin and Page toiled in the dorm, seeking a new way to search the Internet. The fruits of their labor: Google, the Internet’s most popular search engine.

Making Ethical Bids in a Competitive Market :: Engineer Engineering Job Papers

Making Ethical Bids in a Competitive Market As the United States economy struggles through a sluggish time with the stock market dropping and unemployment rising, being competitive in the job market has become extremely important among professionals. Engineers are no exception. For most engineering firms, being competitive and successful requires obtaining design projects offered by companies in other fields. These projects can range from designing heating and ventilation systems for office buildings to water systems for cities to computer networks for businesses—the list of possibilities and disciplines is extensive. To get these jobs, engineers must make a bid proposal for the project. Bidding involves estimating the entire cost of the project, including the designing and building processes, as well as the materials and labor. Usually, the company with the lowest bid and the best plan gets the job. The ethical issue in this process is determining the cheapest building materials and construction procedures possible wit hout compromising public safety. The enormous responsibility that an engineer has when designing a project is often overlooked. His or her job is not only to create a design that will work under ideal conditions, but that will meet the regulations of environmental and building codes and will also survive the unpredictable forces of nature that structures are sometimes subjected to. An article in the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, "Structures are Held up by Both Skill and Luck,"1 describes many risks involved in the designing process and the failures that can occur when small details are overlooked. In light of a recent surge of failures in the Northwest, the article says: "While the Northwest has experienced some unusual weather conditions this year, the effects of these weather conditions were not all unpredictable. Many tragic failures in the Pacific Northwest (and in other parts of the country) can be traced to poor land-use planning decisions. Despite the availability of hazard mitigation information and qualified technical consultants, the information is often ignored and the consultants bypassed as development continues in the flood plains and on unstable hillsides. Often, unwise site selection and ill-conceived site development results in unnecessary exposure to severe natural hazards." Although the initial reason for not hiring a technical consultant in these cases of poor land choice is most likely an attempt to lower design and construction costs, in retrospect it seems obvious that the money spent on the expertise of a geotechnical engineer would have been significantly less than the "millions of dollars of direct losses and litigation costs.

Repeat purchasers

The legal environment of foreign marketing takes an added dimension of importance since there is no single uniform commercial law which governs foreign business transactions. † – Comment. International marketers must be aware of the legal environments that they operate in. As there is no uniform international law regarding business transactions, companies can find themselves wasting money or in legal issues if they do not operate according to the laws in the specific countries they are in.The customs, politics, and geography vary greatly from country to country and are affected by the gal environment. It is extremely important that international markers are aware of this added dimension and are prepared. No single, uniform international commercial law governs foreign business transactions. The foundation of a legal system Profoundly affects how the law is written, interpreted, and adjudicated Laws governing business activities within and between countries An integral par t of the legal environment of international business .Four heritages form the basis for the majority of the legal systems of the world Common law, Civil or code law, Islamic law, and Marxist-socialist tenets Common law Derived from English law. England, U. S. , Canada and countries who were once under the English influence. Seeks interpretation through the past decisions of higher courts which interpret the same statues. Applies established and customary law principles to a similar set of facts Civil or Code law derived from Roman law.Germany, Japan, France and non-lilacs and non-Marxist countries. All-inclusive system of written rules (codes) of law: Legal system is generally divided into three separate codes 1 . ) Commercial 2. ) Civil 3. ) Criminal Ownership is determined by registration. Considered complete as a result of catchall revisions found in most code-law systems Islamic law Places emphasis on the ethical, moral, social, and religious dimensions to enhance equality and f airness for the good of society. The basis is the interpretation of the Koran.Islamic law defines a complete system that prescribes specific patterns of social and economic behavior for all individuals: 1 . ) Property rights 2. ) Economic decision making 3. ) Types of economic freedom Islamic law This system prohibits investment in a business dealing with Alcohol, gambling and casinos In order to comply with Islamic Law following are terms that are frequently use: Trade with markup or cost-plus sale and leasing. These practices enable borrowers and lenders to share in the rewards as well as the losses in an equitable fashion.The international marketer must know the religion's system of belief and understand how the law is interpreted in each region Marxist-socialist Tenets of Russia and the Republics of the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. Legal system centered on the economic, political and social policies of the state. Now more directly involved in trade with non-Ma rxist countries Differences among the 4 law systems Due process may vary. Individual interpretation may vary Fundamentalist interpretation of Islamic law. Combination of several legal systems. U. S. Sees both common and code law Marxist-socialist tenets strictly subordinate to prevailing economics conditions. Private ownership, contracts, due process and other legal mechanisms need to be developed. Russia and China differ because Each has taken a different direction in its political economic growth. Russia is moving toward a Democratic System. China is trying to activate a private sector within a mixed economy in a socialist legal framework Jurisdiction in International Legal Disputes No Judicial body exists to deal with legal commercial problems arising between citizens of different countries.Legal disputes can arise in three situations: 1 . ) Between governments 2. ) Between a company and a government 3. ) Between two companies Jurisdiction is generally determined on the basis of: Jurisdictional clauses included in contracts, Where a contract was entered into, Where the provisions of the contract were performed Jurisdictional Clause â€Å"That the parties hereby agree that the agreement is made in Oregon, USA, and that any question regarding this agreement shall be governed by the law of the state of Oregon, USA† Types of International Disputes Buyer refuses to pay.Product is inferior quality. Shipment arrives late Steps when a dispute arises†¦ Resolve the issue informally, Conciliation aka Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation a nonbinding agreement between parties to resolve disputes by asking a third party to mediate differences. Sessions are private and all conferences between parties and the mediator are confidential. In all conciliation agreements An arbitration clause should be included The popularity of arbitration has led to a proliferation of orbital centers. Established by countries, organizations, and institutions.Inter-American Commer cial Arbitration Commission. Canadian-American Commercial Arbitration Commission (for disputes between Canadian and U. S. Businesses). London Court of Arbitration (decisions are enforceable under English law and English courts). American Arbitration Association. International Chamber of Commerce (select Arbitration) Arbitration clauses require agreement on two counts 1 . To arbitrate in the case of a dispute according to the rules and procedures of some arbitration tribunal. 2. To abide by the awards resulting from the arbitrationContracts and other legal documents should include clauses specifying the use of arbitration to settle disputes Problems with Arbitration Companies may refuse to: 1 Name arbitrators 2. ) Arbitrate 3. ) After arbitration awards are made companies may refuse to honor the award 4. ) In most countries, arbitration clauses are recognized by the courts and are enforceable by law within those countries Deterrents to litigation Fear of creating a poor image and dam aging public relations. Fear of unfair treatment in a foreign court.Difficulty in collecting a Judgment that may otherwise eave been collected in a mutually agreed settlement through arbitration. The relatively high cost and time required when bringing legal action. Loss of confidentiality 4 recommended steps for settling disputes Try to placate the injured party. Conciliate. Arbitrate. Litigate Companies spend millions of dollars establishing brand names or trademarks To symbolize quality and design. To entice customers Millions are spent on research To develop products, processes, designs, and formulas Lost sales from the unauthorized use of U. S. Tents, trademarks, and copyrights Amount to more than $100 billion annually Counterfeits anger from copies that have the same efficacy as the original to those with few or no active ingredients, to those made of harmful substances Inadequate Protection Failing to adequately protect intellectual property rights can lead to the legal loss of rights in potentially profitable markets A company that believes it can always establish ownership in another country by proving it used the trademark or brand name first is wrong and risks the loss of these assets It is best to protect intellectual property rights through registration In the U.S. , a Common-law country, ownership of intellectual property rights is established by prior use versus registration International Conventions Three major aspects: Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Inter- American Convention, Madrid Arrangement All countries have laws regulating marketing activities Promotion, Product development, Labeling, Pricing, Channels of distribution Discrepancies across markets cause problems for trade negotiators – particularly for managers and their firms U. S. Does not allow the buying or selling of human organs. Some countries only have a few marketing laws with lax enforcement.Others have detailed, complicated rules that are st ringently enforced 0 Advertising comparisons in advertisements are always subject to the competitor's right to go to the courts and ask for proof of any implied or stated superiority Green marketing laws Focus on environmentally friendly products and Focus on product packaging and its effect on solid waste management Antitrust a lot of the 20th century it was Nonexistent and Not enforced in most of the world's countries (U. S. Was exception) U. S. Laws Apply in Host Countries Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, National security laws, Antibiotics law, Extraterritoriality of U.S. Laws and Antitrust laws 0 00 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Makes it illegal for companies to pay bribes to foreign officials, candidates, or political parties 0 00 National security laws Prohibit a U. S. Company, its subsidiaries, Joint ventures, or licensees to sell controlled products without special permission from the U. S. Antibiotics law U. S. Companies are forbidden to participate in any unauthorized forei gn boycott. Required to report any request to cooperate with a boycott Extraterritoriality of U. S. Laws Especially important to U. S. Multinational firms.Foreign governments fear the influence of American government policy on their economies through U. S. Multinationals What is illegal for an American business at home can also be illegal by U. S. Law in foreign Jurisdictions for the firm, subsidiaries and licensees of U. S. Technology Cybercafà © – Unresolved Issues Supersaturates (CSS), Taxes, and Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contracts Taxes In the past, a company was deemed to have a taxable presence in a country if it had a permanent establishment there The E Commission Proposes value-added tax (VAT) Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contractsThe EX. Commission has adopted an e-commerce directive that will permit online retailers to trade by the rules of their home country unless the seller had enticed or approached the consumer by way of advertising S upersaturates buy and register descriptive nouns, geographic names, and names of ethnic groups and pharmaceutical substances, and other similar descriptors and hold them until they can be sold at an inflated price Businesses face a multitude of problems in their efforts to develop successful marketing programs Varying legal systems of the world and their effect on business orientations Legal questions must also be considered Jurisdictional and legal recourse in disputes. Protection of intellectual property rights. Extended U. S. Law enforcement Enforcement of antitrust legislation by U. S. And foreign governments Q . International marketing research and market research are Synonymous, since the research process is basically the same whether applied in USA. , U. K. , Japan or India? † Critically examine this statement. Marketing research process Stage 1: Formulating the Marketing Research Problem Formulating a problem is the first step in the research process. In many ways, res earch starts with a problem that management is facing. This problem needs to be understood, the cause diagnosed, and solutions developed. However, most management problems are not always easy to research. A management problem must first be translated into a research problem. Once you approach the problem from a research angle, you can find a solution. For example, â€Å"sales are not growing† is a management problem.Translated into a research problem, we may examine the expectations and experiences of several groups: potential customers, first-time buyers, and repeat purchasers. We will determine if the lack of sales is due to: ; Poor expectations that lead too general lack of desire to buy, or ; Poor performance experience and a lack of desire to repurchase. What then is the difference between a management problem and a research problem? Management problems focus on an action. Do we advertise more? Do we change our advertising message? Do we change an under-performing produc t configuration? If so, how? Research problems, on the other hand, focus on providing the information you need in order to solve the management problem. Stage 2: Method of InquiryThe scientific method is the standard pattern for investigation. It provides an opportunity for you to use existing knowledge as a starting point and proceed impartially. The scientific method includes the following steps: 1. Formulate a problem 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Make predictions based on the hypothesis 4. Devise a test of the hypothesis 5. Conduct the test 6. Analyze the results The terminology is similar to the stages in the research process. However, there are subtle differences in the way the steps are performed. For example, the scientific method is objective while the research process can be subjective. Objective-based research (quantitative research) relies on impartial analysis.The facts are the priority in objective research. On the other hand, subjective-based research (qualitative resear ch) emphasizes personal Judgment as you collect and analyze data. Stage 3: Research Method In addition to selecting a method of inquiry (objective or subjective), you must select a research method. There are two primary methodologies that can be used to answer any research question: experimental research and non-experimental research. Experimental research gives you the advantage of controlling extraneous variables ND manipulating one or more variables that influences the process being implemented. Non-experimental research allows observation but not intervention.You simply observe and report on your findings. Stage 4: Research Design The research design is a plan or framework for conducting the study and collecting data. It is defined as the specific methods and procedures you use to acquire the information you need. Stage 5: Data Collection Techniques Your research design will develop as you select techniques to use. There are many ways to collect data. Two important methods to co nsider are interviews and observation. Interviews require you to ask questions and receive responses. Common modes of research communication include interviews conducted face-to- face, by mail, by telephone, by email, or over the Internet.This broad category of research techniques is known as survey research. These techniques are used in both non-experimental research and experimental research. Another way to collect data is by observation. Observing a person's or company's past or present behavior can predict future purchasing decisions. Data collection techniques for past behavior can include analyzing company records and reviewing studies published by external resources. In order to analyze information from interview or observation techniques, you must record your results. Because the recorded results are vital, measurement and development are closely linked to which data collection techniques you decide on.The way you record the data changes depends on which method you use. Stag e 6: Sample Design Your marketing research project will rarely examine an entire population. It's more practical to use a sample-?a smaller but accurate representation of the greater population. In order to design your sample, you must find answers to these questions: 1. From which base population is the sample to be selected? 2. What is the method (process) for sample selection? 3. What is the size of the sample? Once you've established who the relevant population is (completed in the problem formulation stage), you have a base for your sample. This will allow you to make inferences about a larger population.There are two methods of selecting a sample from a population: probability or non-probability sampling. The probability method relies on a random sampling of everyone within the larger population. Non- probability is based in part on the Judgment of the investigator, and often employs nonviolence samples, or by other sampling methods that do not rely on probability. The final s tage of the sample design involves determining the appropriate sample size. This important step involves cost and accuracy decisions. Larger samples generally reduce sampling error and increase accuracy, but also increase costs. Stage 7: Data Collection Once you've established the first six stages, you can move on to data collection.Depending on the mode of data collection, this part of the process can require large amounts of personnel and a significant portion of your budget. Personal (face-to-face) and telephone interviews may require you to use a data collection agency (field service). Internet surveys require fewer personnel, are lower cost, and can be completed in days rather than weeks or months. Regardless of the mode of data collection, the data collection process introduces another essential element to your research project: the importance of clear and constant communication. Stage 8: Analysis and Interpretation In order for data to be useful, you must analyze it.Analysis techniques vary and their effectiveness depends on the types of information oh are collecting, and the type of measurements you are using. Because they are dependent on the data collection, analysis techniques should be decided before this step. Stage 9: The Marketing Research Report The marketing research process culminates with the research report. This report will include all of your information, including an accurate description of your research process, the results, conclusions, and recommended courses of action. The report should provide all the information the decision maker needs to understand the project. It should also be written in language that is easy to understand. It's important to find a balance between completeness and conciseness.You don't want to leave any information out; however, you can't let the information get so technical that it overwhelms the reading audience. One approach to resolving this conflict is to prepare two reports: the technical report and the s ummary report. The technical report discusses the methods and the underlying assumptions. In this document, you discuss the detailed findings of the research project. The summary report, as its name implies, summarizes the research process and presents the findings and conclusions as simply as possible. Another way to keep your findings clear is to prepare several different representations of your findings. Powering presentations, graphs, and face-to-face reports are all common methods for presenting your information.

How Laughter Benefits Our Health

It is a known fact that laughter is advantageous and useful to our health. Many specialists agree that laughter brings to numerous positive effects of psychological nature, and also it improves our physical condition. For example, according to a recent study of medical researchers from the University of Maryland, laughter helps to keep our facial muscles in tonus, lowers the risks of heart attack, improves our immune system, etc. Besides, it was discovered that laughter can play the role of an analgesic, relieve pains, increase pain tolerance threshold, and this effect is a psychological one, because no prove of a related chemical reaction was found (Reader’s Digest, 2005). At the same time, there are other psychological outcomes of laughter. Elisabeth Scott, a stress management and family therapy specialist, points on various positive effects of laughter as one of the most effective tools to control and manage our stresses. Those include opportunities to distract and to divert one’s attention from anger, depression, tension, or other distressing emotions to funny and joyful things, and this way to avoid possible harmful aftereffects of stresses. In addition, â€Å"..laughter provides a physical and emotional release,† it helps to relax, feel more comfortable and hopeful (Scott, 2007). Finally, laughter can be a good exercise to improve own self-perception and abilities to interact, because it helps us establish good contact and socialize more effectively. Undoubtedly, laughter is very healthy for human psychology and mind, because it helps to develop positive and enthusiastic disposition, forms optimistic perspectives, as well as stimulates good and cheerful mood. Specialists found out that young children laugh about 400 times a day, however, adult people laugh only about 17 times a day (Scott, 2007). That is why it is vital to incorporate into our daily routine more and more of good but controlled laughter, which will help to take this life less seriously and focus on positive or encouraging ideas. References Laugh Your Way to Good Health. (2005, September). Reader’s Digest. The Reader's Digest Association Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2008 Scott, E. (2007, November 7). The Stress Management and Health Benefits of Laughter. About. About Inc., The New York Times Company. Retrieved January 19, 2008, from ;http://stress.about.com/od/stresshealth/a/laughter.htm;.

Free Essays on St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God

St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God It is my view that God exists, and I think that Aquinas’ first two ways presents a successful argument for the existence of God. No doubt, the arguments have weak points which are subjected to criticism but nonetheless, in my opinion, these propositions by Aquinas do indeed accomplish their purpose in establishing the existence of a Greatest Conceivable Being that is the unmoved mover and uncaused cause. I believe that this ultimate Being is unchanging and started the universe, time and all matter and concepts of existence. In my view, this Being is what we understand to be God. St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there were some people who doubted the existence of God because, to them, logic did not allow for or explain God’s existence. His first two ways are two proofs based on logic and observation of nature in proving God’s existence to those who could not accept or believe God on faith alone. Aquinas’ first way is based on motion. He calls it the most obvious way. This first argument, the Argument from Motion, tries to prove the existence of God as the first mover which is unmoved. Now, it is certain as a matter of sense-observation that some things in this world are in motion. Whatever is in motion, Aquinas states, is moved by something else. Aquinas then defines one type of motion as the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality, and says that nothing can make this movement except by something that is already in actuality in the same respect as the first object is in potentiality. For example, something which is actually hot, like fire, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for the same thing to be, at the same time and same respect, in actuality and in... Free Essays on St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God Free Essays on St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God St. Thomas Aquinas’ First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God It is my view that God exists, and I think that Aquinas’ first two ways presents a successful argument for the existence of God. No doubt, the arguments have weak points which are subjected to criticism but nonetheless, in my opinion, these propositions by Aquinas do indeed accomplish their purpose in establishing the existence of a Greatest Conceivable Being that is the unmoved mover and uncaused cause. I believe that this ultimate Being is unchanging and started the universe, time and all matter and concepts of existence. In my view, this Being is what we understand to be God. St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there were some people who doubted the existence of God because, to them, logic did not allow for or explain God’s existence. His first two ways are two proofs based on logic and observation of nature in proving God’s existence to those who could not accept or believe God on faith alone. Aquinas’ first way is based on motion. He calls it the most obvious way. This first argument, the Argument from Motion, tries to prove the existence of God as the first mover which is unmoved. Now, it is certain as a matter of sense-observation that some things in this world are in motion. Whatever is in motion, Aquinas states, is moved by something else. Aquinas then defines one type of motion as the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality, and says that nothing can make this movement except by something that is already in actuality in the same respect as the first object is in potentiality. For example, something which is actually hot, like fire, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for the same thing to be, at the same time and same respect, in actuality and in...

The Research of the Reading Behaviors of Children †Education Essay

The Research of the Reading Behaviors of Children – Education Essay Free Online Research Papers The Research of the Reading Behaviors of Children Education Essay This is our research on students’ reading progress. We’ll tell the difference between Nelson and Brad’s reading habits and the way they solve while encountering the problem. In the procedure of the research, we will acquire information from them.In this paper, we will describe our respondents about their personality, lifebackgrounds , reading habits ,etc . Secondly, we’ll describe how we use the strategies to the setting in which we did the research. Third, we’ll tell you we use what kind of the methods and procedures in doing the research. It’s kind of difficult but interesting .There are three parts of procedures, inclusive of two interviews and one reading program . It takes a long time and we establish good friendships with kids . In the end, we’ll discuss the analysis of respondents’ belief and comparison between the good learner and bad learner. Context of Study Our purpose of the three interviews is to get some information about the respondents. By observing this information, we can analysis their activities by what we learn in SLA course. The names of our respondents are Nelson and Brad. Both of them are the fourth grade students. Nelson is the better respondent. He has a twelve-year-old brother. Nelson tells us that he will consult his mom when he has difficulties in reading English. In the first interview on November 16th, he is too shy to answer the questions completely. In his free time, he often reads English fairy-tales and cartoons. We did the interview and reading in the Fu-shin elementary school. In the meanwhile, our classmates and their kids were there as well. In the first interview, we asked some questions like â€Å"Do you like English† or â€Å"Do you like your English teacher. And both of them said â€Å"Yes†. So we thought that they have interest in English learning. Basically, the method we use to hit the topic is chatting. In one hand, because these questions were kind of serious, it’s easier to get the data and information from them by this way. On the other hand we could also cease their nervous affection as well. In the first interview, perhaps we were not familiar with each other. They were shy and nervous. They couldn’t understand what we asked. In the beginning, they couldn’t reply us politely . We had to use some strategies or other questions to make them say the right answer. In the procedure, we took notes and recorded as well. Afterwards, they were getting to understand our questions and answered patiently. By the way, Brad is out-going, he always ran here and there. He often made the interview out of control .But he liked to help Nelson answers questions and then interrupts the interview. The second time we bring them some story books for them to read. The date is on November 30th. But finally they choose the book called â€Å"Bunny is on the beach.† It’s full of many pictures and few words. It has some special devices in this book as well. For example, when you read the page one, you will find out an animal ‘s tail appear from the page two .We can use these devices to provoke their imagination and curiosity in English and lead them to guess what the next word meaning was .Basically , the numbers of word they understand are definitely few . However, Nelson knew more than Brad. When Brad encountered some words he didn’t know, he can only read the first letter of the word. There was a time we read the whole sentence to him. He repeated after us though he was totally wrong. But Nelson will say he doesn’t know and he will not give a guess anymore. In the reading procedure, they’ll guess what the next thing is in Chinese. It’s because of the words they know are a few. We also read it in Chinese to make them interested .We taught vocabularies from pictures. This way will make them deeply impressed. Discussion Analysis of reading belief of our respondents: According to the information of the interview and the story books reading, we have known that their English abilities are apparently different. Nelson told us that he always asked his mother when he encountered something he didn’t know. Therefore, he rarely turned for his teacher’s help. In addition, he didn’t ask what was the meaning of some words he didn’t know when we read the story book. According to Rubin, high-risk takers have keen desire of association and dare show their shortages in front of people. (, p229) By observing this situation, we can figure out he isn’t a high-risk taker, because he is hardly giving a guess when he reads and in the procedure of the reading, perhaps his personality is very shy. While we were asking Nelson some questions about his reading habits, he told us he will look up the dictionary by himself when his mother didn’t stay with him. We asked why he wanted to check the dictionary, he told us he wanted to find the correct answer (daren’t ask the teacher, maybe). According to the whole language theory, learners will correct themselves, and the teachers needn’t to correct them. It can be applied to Nelson’s behavior. He wants to find the correct answer means he is correcting himself. Moreover, in the first interview, we asked them how do they feel about their English course. Nelson said it’s interesting, but Brad said he feels kind of bored and dizzy. And they both told us they wouldn’t ask the teacher initiatively. They only followed what the teacher taught and memorizes it. This can be explained to be the behaviorism. According to the behaviorist learning theory, L2 learner imitated models of correct language and receive positive reinforcement if they were correct and negative reinforcement if they were incorrect.(Second Language Acquisition, Rod Ellis) The two respondents only can follow and imitate what the teachers teach them. It’s applied to behaviorism. Before we asked Brad to read the story book â€Å"Bunny is on the Beach,† we asked him whether he can pronounce the sentence. And he told us he cannot and could only understand the first letter â€Å"B.† Then we asked if he could pronounce the word â€Å"bunny,† he told us he couldn’t as well. In the end, we decided to teach him how to pronounce the sentence, and request him repeat after us. After we heard his repeat, we figure out that his pronunciation was not correct, and badly wrong. And we think there is a clear Taiwanese sound in it. It’s kind of interesting. We can figure out that as soon as Brad heard our assent and being asked to repeat after us, his pronunciation is influenced by his L1 assent, the Taiwanese sound. Perhaps it’s an apparent example of the relationship between L1 and L2 language. The comparison between our respondents: During the period of the interview , we find out that Nelson (the good student) is kind of shy but still has the foundation of the English ability . For example , we let them read the book â€Å"Bunny on the beach† Nelson can spell and speak the whole vocabulary â€Å"Beach† completely . On the other hand , Brad can just spell the letter â€Å"B† . He can’t tell the difference between the vocabulary and letter. We think that it’s the reason why he is the bad achievement student. A good English-learning way depends on the whole-sentence memorizing. Nelson is a shy boy who is reserved but likes reading in quiet surroundings. Brad is over-active and doesn’t pay attention to reading. While we were doing the interview and recording, Brad always interrupted our conversation and couldn’t be attentive enough. Above all, Brad is born in a poor family. His father is a truck driver and sometimes takes a part-time job. His mom is a housekeeper but doesn’t take responsible well for educating and raising his children. Brad tells us that his mom likes eating betel-nuts and sometimes become drunken heavily, trying to hit him. When Brad runs into troubles of English-learning, he couldn’t consult his parents. Therefore, he tells us that he sometimes cheat on the examination b ecause he has no idea on how to answer questions. No one can give him a hand. We really trust firmly that parents play important role in children’s education . On the contrary, Nelson seems to have a better family. His mom is a Malaysian and take full responsibility of educating her children (His father is a cook in chief ) . Perhaps his mom is a good linguist . She can speak a variety of language , including Mandarin , English and her mother tongue – Malay . We think that it’s really helpful for Nelson ‘s education in the future . While Nelson was encountering problems , he would ask for his mom’s help . We think this kind gap of education will become more along with the ages. Authorities concerned should put emphasis on improving English-learning environment in Hualien. Implication After the interview, we find out more English-learning questions from these students and the experience definitely broadens our horizons. We can make use of the theory from the textbook to let students learn English more easily and boost their English ability fast. The second language should be started from the kids. Therefore, the teacher plays an important role in English – learning. As a teacher in the future, we can learn how to help students when they encounters English – learning problems. Compared with students in the metropolis of Taiwan, kids in Hualien seem to be lacking in confidence and curiosity. Unlike students in cities, they don’t like asking questions or reply your problems passionately. Most of them aren’t high-risk takers. What’s more, it’s evident that their English ability is worse than children in Kaohsiung , Taichung , or Taipei . Sad to say , the majority of them weren’t born in a rich family which can afford to invest enough money in children’s education . Their parents are cooks, drivers or even unemployed. Authorities concerned should put more emphasis on children’s education in Hualien or their ability will become worse than children in cities. People should take the problem seriously and cope with it ASAP. By the way, we are kind of amazed at the first sight of Fu-shin elementary school because we can see many sign in English here and there. Take the toilet for example, you can find out â€Å"Wash your hand clearly† or â€Å"Boy Girl†. Although the vocabulary isn’t hard, this way can provoke their curiosity and interest in English. With the effort of teachers and their parents, we think that we can foster good English –learning circumstances for these kids in Hulien. Finally, thanks for every cute student’s and kind teachers’ help or we can’t finish the interview and paper. I think these theories are definitely essential. Above all, only with the patience and passion, can we help these kids love and boost their English? And a series of habitual behavior which L1 constructs will interfere L2 acquisition. Research Papers on The Research of the Reading Behaviors of Children - Education EssayStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresResearch Process Part OneMind TravelArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Overcoming College Student Homesickness

Overcoming College Student Homesickness You may have spent so much time preparing for college that you may not have considered how much youd miss being back home. While homesickness is common for the majority of college students, it can be difficult to overcome. The key to handling it is understanding where its coming from and knowing what you can realistically do about it. Dont Be Too Harsh on Yourself Being homesick is often a sign that you have happy, healthy relationships with people back at home. You may miss your family, your friends, your boyfriend or girlfriend, or just your old routines and familiarity. Even though many students wont talk about it, a very large number of first-year and transfer students experience homesickness during their first few months at school. So, even if no one you know is talking about it, rest assured that many of your classmates are going through the same thing. Dont be too harsh on yourself for experiencing something that is completely normal and part of many students college experience. Let Yourself Be Sad... For a Little While Trying to fight your way through homesickness can often be futile. But letting yourself process through your emotions can be a great way of dealing with them. Trying to be stoic might end up backfiring on you, and since homesickness is a part of many peoples college experience, its important to let it process itself out. So give yourself a day here or there to be sad about all that you left behind. But make sure to pick yourself up and not be too sad the ​next day. A pity day here or there is alright, but if you find yourself having many in a row or feeling overwhelmingly sad, you may want to think about talking to someone in the campus counseling center. You definitely wont need to worry about being the first student in there who misses home! Be Patient With Yourself If youre a first-year student, youve probably made more major changes in your life than you ever have before, and if youre a transfer, you may be used to being in school, but not this school. Consider what youve done: youve started at an entirely new institution, where you probably dont know anyone at all. You might be in a new city, state, or even country. You have a new lifestyle to manage, where every hour of your day is unlike how you spent your time even 4 or 6 weeks ago. You have new responsibilities that are pretty heavy, from managing finances to learning a new academic system and culture. You may also be living on your own for the first time and learning all kinds of things that you hadnt even thought to ask about before you left. Any one of those changes would be enough to throw someone for a loop. Wouldnt it be a little surprising if someone didnt experience homesickness from everything? So be patient with yourself, just like you would be with a friend. You probably wouldnt judge a friend for being homesick after making such major changes in his or her life, so dont judge yourself unfairly. Let yourself be a little sad, take a deep breath, and do what you can to make your new school your new home. After all, wont it feel fantastic when you realize that, next summer when youre back home, youre homesick for school to start again?

Case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Case study analysis - Essay Example But if one can get an established unit in its chosen field the combined entity can take off within a couple of years after due integration. Adding a new dimension to the issue Paul Tiffany, adjunct professor of management at Wharton and senior lecturer at the University of California's Haas School of Business in Berkeley, says that the global steel consolidation has an unfamiliar ring, he notes "It's interesting that the consolidation in the steel industry is driven not by market opportunity but by the threat of the The most dramatic change in Indian business in the past decade has been the surge in ambition. Take Ratan Tata, the Mumbai-based tycoon who won the race to buy Britain's Corus Group, beating his Brazilian rival Benjamin Steinbruch in a fiercely contested auction. British Steel and the Dutch group Hoogovens merged in 1999 to become the largest steel makers in Europe because they felt the necessity to out-grow their national geography. With the passage of time the same company felt that they need a global presence. As stated by Corus chief executive Jim Leng that Corus now felt it was "no longer sufficient to be European. This is a global industry," he said. "We have got to respond with passion, but with commercial passion. It's not about big companies and small companies, it's a matter of being globally commercial." (Knowledge@Wharton). "We want to expand into geographies where, as a group, we can have a meaningful presence. First, we have chosen countries where we felt we could make an impact and, secondly, where we are able to participate, as we have in India, in the development of that country. When you visit a country or examine Gopi 3 a particular company, I think you intuitively know if there's an opportunity, and then you flesh out that opportunity in one form or other. If we get to the stage of justifying assembly or manufacturing operations, we will seek either to contract them or to invest in facilities in that country." (Interview with Ratan Tata in India Today Magazine issue dated November 6, 2006). In takeover parlance big sharks swallow up the small sharks. But in this case a small shark has swallowed a shark almost five times its size. It is the biggest international acquisition so far by an Indian company, and it coincided with Tata Steel's 100th anniversary. It will also be the Tata Group's 22nd foreign acquisition in two years. The Corus takeover catapults Tata Steel from its 65th place among global steel producers to the No 5 spot in the hierarchy of steel makers with a combined capacity of 23.5 million tons. Others ahead of it are Arcelor-Mittal (110 million tons), Japan's Nippon Steel (32 million tons), South Korea's Posco (30.5 million tons) and JFE of Japan (29.9 million tons). Excluding Corus, Tata Steel has plans to raise its Indian capacity to 30 million tons by 2015 through Greenfield projects. Tata Steel managing director B. Muthuraman said in a statement after the January 31 deal

Beowulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Beowulf - Essay Example Thesis statement: Does Beowulf in the poem possess heroic qualities that can be termed under the real qualities of an epic hero? The most important quality of Beowulf that makes him an epic hero is his heroic quality. For instance, like a real hero, Beowulf was ready to travel a great distance to undertake dangerous tasks. When Hrothgar faced trouble from Grendel, like a real hero, Beowulf left his homeland (Geatland), killed the Grendel the monster and saved all. But Burton Raffel criticizes that the author does not give ample importance to Beowulf’s fight with monsters and dragons (Raffel xi). Beowulf praises Hrothgar on his nobility and brevity. This proves that he possesses the heroic quality of courtesy. When he entered the land of Danes, he left his weapons on the shore. This proves his courtesy towards the king and his people. Besides, Beowulf was ready to do anything to prove his courtesy. Beowulf was a brave warrior. For instance, he fought and killed Grendel the dragon, and his mother, another dragon. Besides, Beowulf reveals Hroogar that he did defeat five giants and chased them from the earth. Beowulf possessed the quality of loyalty. He proved his loyalty towards the king and his people by killing Grendel the dragon. Later, when he became the king, Beowulf did not allow his warriors to fight against Grendel’s mother. Instead, he proved his loyalty towards his people by killing Grendel’s mother by his own. Beowulf’s success as a leader proves his military skills. Besides, he was able to maintain a group of warriors with him to help in critical situations. He very well knew that his warriors may not be helpful in the fight with Grendel and his mother. So he went alone to face those demons/beasts /dragons. This proves his military tactics. Summing up, one can see that the heroic qualities possessed by Beowulf helps him to be a real epic hero with heroism, courtesy, bravery, loyalty, leadership

Taoism Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Taoism Religion - Essay Example It does not matter whatever religion exists as long as the person becomes a good being to himself and to others. Basically, religions do not only teach morals but also focus on way of life. Rituals are being conducted to help the faithful improve themselves fully as a religious leader assists the religious members in their struggle to be good. The main focus of the paper is the religion Taoism. Taoism came from China as the country had a long history of formation. Taoism became an important part of the history of China though the origin of Taoism is hard to distinguish as it came from complicated roots and Chinese religions mixed as interactions happened. Other religions in China are Confucianism, Buddhism and popular religion. These religions flourished and interact with one another and cultural and traditional mixtures occur resulting to the Chinese religion. Taoism in particular cannot be distinguished easily as it encompasses almost everything about life. Its existence can be com pared to water that composes all bodies of water and even clouds and rain. The discovery of the ultimate purpose is not the same for everybody as pathways are different in that religion as the prominent quality is compared to water that never flows in the same way again. ... Taoism can also be analyzed based on its etymology. The religion comes from the word tao which means road or path as the same term was also used by non-Taoist people. Tao became prominent in Chinese philosophy as their beliefs tend to shape a method or technique and norms of conduct. The term tao first appeared as a philosophical word in the book Analects of the Confucians. They consider tao as the method of behavior for both individual and nation as they pertain to the term as a principle. For the Taoists, the term is not just a principle, it is substance in actuality. Chuang Tzu gave an explanation on the tao and belief of Taoists. According to him, tao is not a substance or a thing only but tao is the sum total of all existence including wastes as a questioner clarified his claim. The main concern of Taoism is the balance of forces which is constant and inseparable that the human mind cannot comprehend its existence. The belief states that humans are indivisible and parts of the o neness as the age of humanity is the same as the age of the sky and earth. As tao is considered as both method and entity, the question arose regarding the purpose of the method. The positive action has no basis in tao. In terms of morals, tao advocates relativity as right and wrong can pertain to the same object depending on the point-of-view. The advice for Taoist practitioners tends to be selfless and let the natural course maneuver the lives of the faithful. They follow the rhythms of nature and environment. Such characteristic of Taoism is called contemplative Taoism which is complemented by the so-called purposive Taoism. As the contemplative Taoism allows calmness for the practitioner, the purposive

Mergers and Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Mergers and Acquisitions - Essay Example When big conglomerates are exposed to excessive risk owing to the fact that maximum investments are made in one or few specific businesses, they choose to diversify business and acquire new firms. Another important financial reason behind mergers is that of achieving economies of scale. The term, economies of scale, refers to cost advantages that a firm is able to enjoy because of its size, scale of operation and output. The cost per unit is lowered with the increasing scales. Thus, the cost of operations is relatively lower in the combined business firm. Berkshire is a US-headquartered multinational conglomerate holding firm that has subsidiaries engaged in different business activities, including property and casualty insurance, energy, finance, food, freight rail and so on and so forth. 3G Capital and Berkshire Hathaway have collectively acquired the joint control of Heinz by way of purchasing shares. Heinz is one of the well-known brands in the global food industry and has a history of providing tremendous value to its shareholders. Heinz had displayed a strong and sustainable growth over years. Hence, Heinz is a safe and favorable company to invest in. Given that both the acquiring partners were previously engaged in the food industry, the merger with Heinz has added to their existing product lines. Moreover, the companies will be able to gain access to a very strong distribution channel that generates 25% revenue from the emerging markets and approximately two-third of the same from outside the United States. By gaining access to the extensive distribution channels of Heinz, the two companies can in future add more companies to the portfolio, thereby further leveraging the system for bigger and costlier acquisition efforts. The Heinz brand generates about 40% of the sales and has a huge competitive advantage in sauces. The Heinz portfolio has 15 brands that are capable of yielding more than $100 million sales on an annual basis (Stahl, Matzler and

Can Slavery ever be justified on any set of moral principles Essay

Can Slavery ever be justified on any set of moral principles - Essay Example The moral theory Aristotle used to justify slavery is an ancient species of virtue ethics, which says natural slaves are slaves because their souls are incomplete, lacking certain qualities, such as the ability to think properly, and so they needed to have masters to tell them what to do. Clearly, thus, by looking into history and seeing Aristotle’s words (and the similar sentiments of his teacher Plato in Gorgias and his disciple St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Contra Gentiles), one sees slavery can easily be justified by moral arguments. However, what is at issue is whether any of these arguments are good, and whether they actually reveal something wrong with the underlying theory used to justify slavery; this seems to be the case with a number of modern normative theories, including but not limited to standard versions of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and natural rights theory. Utilitarianism, a theory of morality and economics pioneered by the intellectuals J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham in the 19th century, adheres to a principle stating simply, â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number†. As the theory is described in academia, according to this greatest pleasure principle, there are two ways in which the theory could be used to justify institutional slavery. First, if the moral theorist is simply looking at what is best for the most people, a micro-majority of 51% could justify the enslavement of the other group, the macro-minority, of 49% on the basis that it is maximizing the good of the greatest number of people. Additionally, utilitarianism does not recognize, except indirectly, â€Å"how the sum of satisfaction is distributed among individuals† (Rawls, 1971, p. 26). As a result, individual differences are not taken into account, and the theory gives no practical means of measuring what is, by some definition,

Simulation of Address Resolution Protocol Dissertation

Simulation of Address Resolution Protocol - Dissertation Example HTYPE (Hardware Type). This is a 16-bit field defining the type of the network on which ARP is running. Each LAN has been assigned an integer based on its type. For example, Ethernet is given the type 1. ARP can be used on any physical network. PTYPE (Protocol Type). This is a 16-bit field defining the protocol. For example, the value of this field for the IPv4 protocol is 080016. ARP can be used with any higher-level protocol. HLEN (Hardware Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the physical address in bytes. For example, for Ethernet, the value is 6. PLEN (Protocol Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the logical address in bytes. For example, for the IPv4 protocol, the value is 4. OPER (Operation). This is a 16-bit field defining the type of packet. Two packet types are defined: 1 for ARP request and 2 for ARP reply. SHA (Sender Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the sender. For example. For Ethernet this field is 6 bytes long and contains the MAC address of sender. SPA (Sender Protocol Address). This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP) address of the sender. For the IP protocol, this field is 4 bytes long. THA (Target Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the target. For example, for Ethernet, this field is 6 bytes long. For an ARP request message, this field is all 0s because the sender does not know the physical address of the target.... ARP can be used with any higher-level protocol. HLEN (Hardware Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the physical address in bytes. For example, for Ethernet, the value is 6. PLEN (Protocol Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the logical address in bytes. For example, for the IPv4 protocol, the value is 4. OPER (Operation). This is a 16-bit field defining the type of packet. Two packet types are defined: 1 for ARP request and 2 for ARP reply. SHA (Sender Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the sender. For example. For Ethernet this field is 6 bytes long and contains the MAC address of sender. SPA (Sender Protocol Address). This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP) address of the sender. For the IP protocol, this field is 4 bytes long. THA (Target Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the target. For example, for Ethernet, this field is 6 bytes long. For an ARP request message, this field is all 0s because the sender does not know the physical address of the target. TPA (Target Protocol Address). This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP) address of the target. For the IPv4 protocol, this field is 4 bytes long. Encapsulation: An ARP packet is encapsulated directly into a data link frame. For example, an ARP packet is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame. Operation: Let us see how ARP functions on a typical internet. First, the steps involved have been described, then the four cases in which a host or router needs to use ARP have been discussed. STEPS INVOLVED. These are the steps involved in an ARP process: 1. The

Can Slavery ever be justified on any set of moral principles Essay

Can Slavery ever be justified on any set of moral principles - Essay Example The moral theory Aristotle used to justify slavery is an ancient species of virtue ethics, which says natural slaves are slaves because their souls are incomplete, lacking certain qualities, such as the ability to think properly, and so they needed to have masters to tell them what to do. Clearly, thus, by looking into history and seeing Aristotle’s words (and the similar sentiments of his teacher Plato in Gorgias and his disciple St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Contra Gentiles), one sees slavery can easily be justified by moral arguments. However, what is at issue is whether any of these arguments are good, and whether they actually reveal something wrong with the underlying theory used to justify slavery; this seems to be the case with a number of modern normative theories, including but not limited to standard versions of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and natural rights theory. Utilitarianism, a theory of morality and economics pioneered by the intellectuals J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham in the 19th century, adheres to a principle stating simply, â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number†. As the theory is described in academia, according to this greatest pleasure principle, there are two ways in which the theory could be used to justify institutional slavery. First, if the moral theorist is simply looking at what is best for the most people, a micro-majority of 51% could justify the enslavement of the other group, the macro-minority, of 49% on the basis that it is maximizing the good of the greatest number of people. Additionally, utilitarianism does not recognize, except indirectly, â€Å"how the sum of satisfaction is distributed among individuals† (Rawls, 1971, p. 26). As a result, individual differences are not taken into account, and the theory gives no practical means of measuring what is, by some definition,

Essay questions for history Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions for history - Essay Example Since the earliest humans lived a nomadic lifestyle, mainly foraging, or hunting, and they no doubt used wooden spears and wood for shelter there is very little lasting evidence of where they lived. Some groups appear to have become isolated and this turned out to be a risk factor, since they did not develop so many new adaptive techniques for survival. It appears that humans wandered out from the central African Savannah, reaching north and east into Asia and from there travelled to Europe and the rest of the world. Tracing their flints and axes is a way of showing how they communicated with each other through trade. [2] There are different theories why people might have stopped being hunter gatherers and started early forms of agriculture. The climate is one reason, since hunter gathering was the only option available in the colder parts of the world during the ice age, and agriculture just was not possible then. As the world’s climate warmed up, however, growing plants became more of an option. Another reason for agricultural lifestyles may be that the food sources became scarce when people began to increase in number. Once a herd of animals is hunted to extinction it is very difficult for that area to recover and become able to host human inhabitants again. The most convincing reason, however, is that certain locations such as river deltas, provided such a rich soil that plants grew readily in the wild, and people naturally settled there for longer and longer periods to take advantage of the crops. Eventually people would have learned to maximise the return from crops, use irrigation and plowing and sowing techniques, so that they could produce a very large excess of food. This in turn enabled them to live in larger groups, which was good for safety, and learn new arts and skills, which made them better able to

Hunting Should Not Be Outlawed Essay Example for Free

Hunting Should Not Be Outlawed Essay Hunting should not be outlawed. It is still a source of food for people who still live off the land . Hunting can be a very effective method of population control. Hunting is a sport of tradition it offers recreation from everyday life. Hunting animals for food is better for people because it does not have all the hormones that farm raised animals have. There aren’t very many diseases that affect humans in wild animals. Majority of the animals that have seasons are edible. Hunting is a very effective method of population control. If too many animals of one species or several related species live in one area they could possible wipe out there entire food source or sources. Then many of them would starve to death which unknown to the tree huggers that want to stop this is a very painful death, being shot is a very quick painless death. Hunting can save an ecosystem and entire species, by killing some of the animals in the ecosystem you can save the food source for the animals still left living. Hunting is a tradition in most of the world. People have been hunting for tens of thousands of years. Many people still use hunting as their many food source throughout the world. It is also a recreational activity. Tradition’s should not be outlawed. Hunting can help save the environment in which they live in by population control. It is a source of food. It’s an activity that people have been using to get away from society as we know it for several years. In conclusion Hunting should not be outlawed.

La notion de pouvoir

La notion de pouvoir Anthropologie politique :La notion de pouvoir Janvier 2010 Lanthropologie politique est une discipline rà ©cente qui sest dà ©veloppà ©e rà ©ellement à   partir des annà ©es 1920, mais qui tire son essence des prà ©occupations de la philosophie politique du XVIIIà ¨me sià ¨cle. En effet, cette discipline dont le projet est de fonder une science du politique, analyse la rà ©partition et lorganisation du pouvoir et des phà ©nomà ¨nes politiques qui permettent de dà ©gager une perspective commune au delà   de la diversità © culturelle. Plusieurs philosophes sont à   lorigine des prà ©occupations fondamentales de lanalyse et de la comprà ©hension des phà ©nomà ¨nes de pouvoirs politiques. Ainsi, Montesquieu, La Boà ©tie, Rousseau ou encore F. Engels et K. Marx se sont penchà ©s sur les rapports que les dominants avait à   là ©gard des dominà ©s. Cette relation de domination apparaà ®t comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne inhà ©rent au pouvoir politique institutionnel. Cependant, avec les premiers anthropologues, cest une nouvelle forme de pouvoir politique qui est valorisà ©e. Par exemple, ces à ©tudes rà ©và ¨lent lexistence de rapport de pouvoir en dehors des relations institutionnalisà ©es, inhà ©rent à   linconscient des collectività ©s, comme le sacrà © et les relations dà ©change de don, qui participent au pouvoir politique. La notion du pouvoir est lun des sujets de prà ©dilection de lanthropologie politique. LAnthropologie politique est, à   cet à ©gard, là ©tude de lorganisation et des structures politiques (au sens aristotà ©licien) au travers de leur diversità ©. Il sagit dà ¨s lors de distinguer les mà ©canismes du pouvoir ainsi que son exercice, lorganisation symbolique, consciente ou inconsciente. Doà ¹ le problà ¨me : comment en Anthropologie politique, selon les diffà ©rentes enquà ªtes ethnographiques, le pouvoir peut-il se manifester en dehors du cadre institutionnel? Cest pourquoi il est important de revenir sur les formes de pouvoirs en politique, pour comprendre par la suite lapproche minimaliste puis maximaliste. I- Les diffà ©rentes formes du pouvoir, une rà ©flexion qui cristallise lintà ©rà ªt des anthropologues politistes Tout dabord, il est important de distinguer les diffà ©rentes composantes qui organisent le pouvoir : centralisation, concentration des pouvoirs, recrutement de gouvernants, le cadre du contrat social instruit par la loi et les sanctions lors des dà ©rives individuelles. Centralisation ou dà ©centralisation de lautorità © qui peut à ªtre dà ©composà ©e en diffà ©rents segments (lignage, villages). Chez les Lobi par exemple, il ny a pas de pouvoir central, mais chaque village constitue une entità © centralisà ©e. Cette autorità © peut mà ªme sà ©tendre au-delà   du cadre territorial dans le cadre dethnies dispersà ©es comme par exemple chez les LAlemany du Fouta Djalon qui possà ¨de une autorità © morale sur tous les Peuls. Montesquieu relevait dans lEsprit des Lois, la concentration ou dispersion du pouvoir. En effet, cette notion de sà ©paration ou non des trois pouvoirs lexà ©cutif, du là ©gislatif, du judiciaire – engendre une typologie de rà ©gime. Ainsi, plus les pouvoirs sont concentrà ©s, plus le rà ©gime est tyrannique. Ainsi, dans les socià ©tà ©s traditionnelles le chef dispose à   la fois du pouvoir exà ©cutif et juridiciaire. Chez les Nuer, cest  « lhomme à   peau de Là ©opard  » qui est chargà © de rà ©soudre les conflits. La domination du pouvoir peut à ªtre là ©gitimà ©e par la transmission du pouvoir hà ©rà ©ditaire, à ©lection, dà ©volution, dà ©signation. L. de Heusch explique dans son ouvrage Du pouvoir. Anthropologie politique des socià ©tà ©s dAfrique centrale, que dans la zone tetela-hamba au Congo, socià ©tà © à   lignages patrilinà ©aires, pour devenir chef de lignage les aspirants doivent faire valoir le bien-fondà © de leurs prà ©tentions, en pratiquant des dilapidations festives et des distributions de cadeaux que lauteur nhà ©site pas à   mettre dans la mà ªme catà ©gorie que le potlatch. Les lois qui rà ©gissent nimporte quel systà ¨me politique ont pour fonction dassurer la stabilità © de la socià ©tà © en question. Par contre, elle peut aussi crà ©er des fossà ©s entre les diffà ©rentes couches de ladite socià ©tà ©, rà ©sultant en un sentiment de coercition, de contrainte. Donc le pouvoir contient un paradoxe bien à ©vident car  « il apparaà ®t, à   la fois, comme nà ©cessità © et comme danger  »; cest cette ambigà ¼ità © concernant la notion de pouvoir que G. Balandier appelle une dissymà ©trie dans les rapports sociaux. Autrement dit, là ©lite au pouvoir se reproduit dans les hautes classes. Chaque systà ¨me politique, dans la mesure oà ¹ il est là ©gitime et que la loi est connue de tous, comporte un certain nombre de contraintes afin de prà ©server un à ©quilibre en place ; il peut sagir de violence là ©gitime au sein de lEtat, de violence corporelle ou morale dans les socià ©tà ©s traditionnelles. II- Là ©mergence de lEtat ou linstitutionnalisation du pouvoir Lapproche minimaliste considà ¨re quune gestion primitive dune socià ©tà © ne serait pas une forme de gouvernement. Il existe trois crità ¨res selon les politologues qui caractà ©risent un Etat et permettent de dà ©limiter le champs politique : un territoire dà ©limità © par des frontià ¨re reconnues, le consentement des populations qui y vivent et enfin lexistence de structures organiques fondant lunità © politique. Il apparaà ®t à ©vident que le flou sà ©mantique quant aux crità ¨res caractà ©risant un Etat, prà ©sente ses limites pour les anthropologues. Ainsi, pour Balandier il est possible de confondre lEtat avec un groupe local (chefferie). Pour finir, selon M. Weber lEtat est le seul instrument de domination, qui dispose dun appareil coercitif pour orienter toute action sociale, et est lià © aux socià ©tà ©s modernes et à   la rationalisation. LEtat dispose du monopole là ©gitime de la violence. En revanche, P. Clastres qui a à ©tudià © à   partir des socià ©tà ©s amà ©rindiennes les groupes qui contrà ´lent le pouvoir soppose à   cette conception rà ©ductrice du pouvoir. Dans toutes les socià ©tà ©s, il y a du politique ; cet exercice du politique nest pas automatiquement lià © à   lexercice de la violence là ©gitime et à   la coercition. III- Lexistence dun pouvoir comme un  « fait social total  » Le pouvoir politique nest pas nà ©cessairement institutionnalisà ©. Il peut sexprimer à   travers dautres formes inhà ©rentes à   linconscient collectif.  « Il ny a pas de socià ©tà © sans gouvernement  », cest par cette phrase prononcà ©e par L. de Bonald que lon peut rà ©sumer la pensà ©e des maximalistes. Autrement dit, toutes les structures participant à   la direction dune socià ©tà © concourent au politique. A cet à ©gard, il semble important dapprà ©hender les phà ©nomà ¨nes de la Kula et du Potlatch comme expression du politique puis de comprendre limbrication du sacrà © dans le cadre du pouvoir politique pour illustrer nos propos. Dune part, le phà ©nomà ¨ne dà ©changes de biens prà ©cieux, lors du Potlatch et de la Kula, rà ©và ©là © par F. Boas et B. Malinowski mettent en à ©vidence limbrication à ©conomique et politique dans les socià ©tà ©s du nord au sud : les Tlingit, les Tsimshian, les Haida, les Bella Cola, les Kwakiutl, les Nootka, les Salish – dans un fait social total selon M. Mauss. Cette pratique ritualisà ©e et cà ©rà ©monielle de don, ne vise pas à   donner pour donner mais à   donner pour dominer et/ou recevoir en retour. Ce nest donc pas un don de gà ©nà ©rosità ©, mais un don de rà ©ciprocità ©, qui en outre comporte souvent un aspect de dà ©fi. Il enclenche ou perpà ©tue la dialectique du don et du contre-don. Le potlatch et la kula ne jouent pas sur des biens de subsistance mais sur les biens prà ©cieux. Ils constituent des stratà ©gies sociales, plus ou moins paroxystiques, qui visent à   fabriquer du prestige, et donc de la diffà ©renciation sociale. Dautre part, grà ¢ce sa capacità © à   transcender lHomme, et donc lautorità © du chef et de lEtat, le sacrà © a inà ©vitablement entretenu des tantà ´ts conflictuels des tantà ´ts pacifistes au pouvoir politique. Ainsi, Frazer sest intà ©ressà © au pouvoir de la royautà © sacrà ©e dans le rameau dor. Dans les socià ©tà ©s à   pouvoir centralisà © et quand le sacrà © est la source du pouvoir du roi, on assiste à   toutes une sà ©rie de rituels pour lintronisation dun nouveau roi pour marquer son pouvoir et rà ©organiser le politique. Ainsi, chez les Nkumu, les dà ©tenteurs du pouvoir sont investi du pouvoir sacrà ©, lekopo. De plus, Selon Aronoff ,  « Le religieux et le politique sont des domaines lià ©s depuis le dà ©but de lhumanità © de ses cultures et de ses civilisations  ». Dans les socià ©tà ©s acà ©phales il nexiste pas de frontià ¨res nettes entre les sphà ¨res politiques, à ©conomique, religieuse, parentà ©. Il sagit, en effet, dun ensemble composant le social. Ainsi, le religieux fait son apparition dans le politique à ©galement dans des socià ©tà ©s à   Etat et/ou Laà ¯que (Irlande oà ¹ le conflit religieux est en corrà ©lation avec lordre politique). Il nest pas inutile de rappeler quun gouvernement peut dà ©river directement du religieux (thà ©ocratie), que le sacrà © peut devenir des outils pour là ©gitimer le pouvoir du souverain ou du groupe dominant. De mà ªme, la religion peut à ©galement fournir des structures sous jacente manipulable par les dà ©tenteurs du pouvoir. Enfin, Evans-Pritchard dà ©veloppe une analyse des relations et des institutions au sein de peuple, en apparence, dà ©pourvu de gouvernement tout en rà ©pondant aux exigences comparatistes et thà ©oriques. Parallà ¨lement il propose une à ©bauche typologique et contribue à   donner un và ©ritable statut scientifique. Par ailleurs E.E. Evans-Pritchard dà ©veloppe son analyse en mettant en relation le politique avec là ©conomique, le culturel et le religieux ; intà ©rà ªt fondamental dans des socià ©tà ©s oà ¹ tout est à ©troitement imbriquà © (dà ©marche fonctionnaliste). En conclusion, lhistoire de lanthropologie tant à   dà ©montrer que la politique est le synonyme et le frà ¨re jumeau du pouvoir. Le pouvoir politique nest pas seulement un contrat social mais il est aussi un rapport de force consistant en un à ©quilibre fragile. Les concepts de là ©gitimità ©, de pouvoir et de coercition restent des notions incontournables en anthropologie politique mais celui de pouvoir a prà ©sà ©ance sur les autres. Peu importe la socià ©tà ©, sa stabilità © est basà ©e sur un à ©quilibre approximatif et le pouvoir doit jouer le rà ´le de stabilisateur pour protà ©ger la socià ©tà © contre ses propres dà ©faillances soit par la force, soit par des ententes tout en restant fidà ¨le à   ses principes vitaux assurant sa survie. Ce domaine nà ©cessaire au politologue permet de dà ©centrer le regard au-delà   des conceptions classiques concernant cette notion. Il est intà ©ressant de finir par lutilisation de la dà ©marche à ©pistà ©mologique, dans les sciences politiques, relative à   des aspirations ethnographiques en citant un article paru dans la Revue Franà §aise de science politique. En effet, lauteur, Olivier IHL revient sur les formes et usages dune technique de vote : lurne à ©lectorale. Ainsi, il dà ©finit la scà ©nographie relative au vote et la mise en scà ¨ne qui sorganise autour de lurne à ©lectorale ainsi que la sacralisation de cet outil cher à   lexercice de la dà ©mocratie. Ce qui nest pas sans rappeler G. Balandier qui dans son ouvrage anthropologie politique revient sur la sacralità © du politique en à ©nonà §ant cette phrase :  « le rapport du pouvoir à   la socià ©tà © est essentiellement une relation chargà ©e de sacralità ©  »

Essay --

Asa Philip Randolph was a multi-dimensional man that fit into the categorizes of veteran, civil rights activist, and a intrepid leader that fought for overall labor equality for African American men. Although he was strong in his political stance he also faced the challenges of other prominent figures undermining his proactive methods which in turn deferred his results of acceptance in America. However this did not affect his advocacy for the mistreated and ignored masses. Throughout his adult life he achieved great changes in respect to unionization, work forces and was a voice of the people. Randolph believed in integration and as a result disagreed with the separated beliefs of Black Power advocates and considered violence an unethical and immoral strategy. He also did not see the problem of African American people in America as one that could be solved through isolation because it was seen as the symptom of a social illness, which in a conflict theorist perspective, is caused by an unfairly distributed amount of resources, wealth and power. As a result Randolph's views were shared in a magazine called the MESSENGER, which was founded in 1917, and according to the book A. Philip Randolph and the Struggle for Civil RIghts by Cornelius Bynum, it was considered "the only magazine of scientific radicalism published by Negroes." He co-edited the magazine with Chandler Owen, a fellow socialist who came to be Randolph's closest friend. Each were aware that many did not support their partnership but they disregarded these discriminations because they were confident that society would change with the organization of worker unions. Randolph and Owen outlined the purpose of their socialist publication in an early editorial that d... ...n the Vanguard by Andrew Edmund Kersten, this budget resorted to have the government spend $185 billion over 10 years to fight against poverty, because according to Randolph at the convention floor of the AFL-CIO the labor movement had been the only safe place for ignored, burdened and poor people. It was this ideal that kept his spirit strong through the enduring years when he was the voice for this issue. Asa Philip Randolph’s accomplishments show the immovable strength during his battle for full human rights of African Americans and other people of the nation. Since 1911 Randolph has led the movement for equal human rights within his political advances, was a role model who made something out of nothing and made a name for himself by using his struggle as motivation. He did not take no for an answer but took the initiative to change and make things better.

Easter 1916 Essay

William Butler Yeats did not readily support the nationalist ideals in Ireland not so much because he valued the independence of his country so little but rather questioned the means by which it was being promoted. Regardless of Yeats’ political sentiments, he had high regards for the cultural and social heritage of his country as attested to by his earlier works and futures efforts to establish traditional art and literature institutions. The setting of the poem reflects the rise of many political ideologies in Europe that brought into institutions of leadership and society. In Easter, 1916, Yeats recalls the Easter Rising of April 24, 1916 that resulted in military action in Dublin as well as the execution of several leaders of the revolutionary movement, many of whom Yeats was acquainted with. Social Identity In the first stanza of the poem, Yeats illustrates a society that does not really show any indication that it knows or cares for each other. The lines of the verse bring to mind people meeting in the in streets, tipping their heads to each other and uttering automatically greetings without really meaning any of the words spoken. By referring to the social pleasantries as â€Å"polite meaningless words†, Yeats suggests a superficial veneer to these encounters. As reservation to the nationalist movement, the scenario indicates the lack of real communication in society and the predisposition to keep social appearance. Thus, there is also a lack of social identity or concern for social issues. The lack of social identity translates to a compromised national identity. The lack of support form civil society for any nationalist initiative will compromise the political will to achieve true independence. In this perspective, Yeats may have viewed that Irish society was still too attached to the social status quo for it to pay the price for a â€Å"terrible beauty†. At the same time, it gives the impression that the issue was still limited to a few individuals and even if there were public knowledge or support for the nationalist concerns, it is not discussed in public or a subject of open debate. These dichotomies between acceptable social veneers and the real interests of individuals are also reflected in the various characters Yeats uses in the poem. Though they are all portrayed as dramatic characters, he eventually points out that they are participating in a comedy. Yeats points out that regardless of how much the nationalist cause is to each of these characters, there is a persistence of individualistic purpose: even if there is a realization of a collective Irish identity, people remain generally unconcerned with the interests of other people. Ultimately, what Yeats criticizes is the events leading to the Easter Rising and addressed neither the social conditions that will support nationhood or the need for a national identity. Ideology and Reality Yeats did not equate independence with rebellion. There is no denying his regard for the leaders of the Easter Rising: he portrayed them not as idealized heroes but rather as ordinary men answering to an extraordinary cause against extraordinary odds. According to him, the biggest threat to realization of independence is the concentration of politics instead of reform. As suggested in his earlier lines, at times, the concern was limited to political debate and not the social issues of independence, keeping issues impersonal and limited to its facade. Thus, Yeats is saying that before the Easter Rising, â€Å"ignorant good-will† prevailed implying that though there was discussion of independence, there was no true leadership or organized action to achieve it. In essence, Yeats felt that no one truly understood the price of â€Å"terrible beauty†, or what becomes clearly Yeats’ representation of Irish emancipation. For Yeats, independence for Ireland is to be gained from the civil action rather than political initiatives. Of all the characterizations he uses for the poem, it’s the characters of Patrick Pearse and Thomas MacDunagh that he views will contribute more effectively to Irish independence. He highlights their works as teachers and writers, educating and publicizing their cause to the public. Furthermore, Yeats considers this the true ideological foundation for independence: Pearse and MacDunagh’s example deter the apathy, the â€Å"ignorant good-will† and the conformity in Ireland that was an advantage to English control. Yeats emphasizes the need for the independence ideology as a transformative power in society: neither limited nor exclusive as a political or a social concern. He points out a need for independence leaders to stop romanticizing what has to be accomplished to gain independence and to accept that it will likely be violent, bloody and require the sacrifice of many lives. In saying that, â€Å"Wherever green is worn, Are changed, changed utterly†, there is implication that for independence to be a reality for the country, there is a need for social and political change, a condition he believed remained lacking in the revolutionary movements prior to the Easter Rising. Rebellion and Independence Though he criticizes the sense of nationality that motivated the Easter Rising, he points out that the event serves as a reality check as well as an inspiration for future independence initiatives. He points out that the Easter Rising should serve as a lesson of what it means to be under the rule of a foreign power and the price of opposing such a power. Despite his personal feelings towards John MacBride, he groups him together with Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and James Connolly identifying them as men who are sacrificed for Irish independence. Prior to the Easter Rising, Yeats points out that everything was limited to debate which did not necessarily was for the benefit of furthering independence ideologies but was used as venue for personal showcasing. In the line â€Å"as a mother names her child when sleep has come†, Yeats points out that only those who are willing to give the highest sacrifice, using to refer to death and the sacrifice of one’s life, will be recognized by the Ireland, represented by the mother. The suggestion is not a morbid one but rather is in recognition of the men who were executed in connection with the Easter Rising and future likelihood of future sacrifices for independence. Thus, though Yeats questions the nationalist movement that led to the Easter Rising, he considered the Easter Rising itself as an act true to the cause. He considers the event as marker that Irish society and its views on nationalism and independence have â€Å"changed, changed utterly†. Yeats considers these changes had taken too long because of political debate and the lack of political will, contributing as well to the lack of fervor for true independence in society. In essence, Yeats believed that the rebellion parallel to social awakening and the beginning of the true struggle for independence. Conclusion It should be noted that Yeats has an intimate understanding of the lack of political and social commitment to the ideologies of independence. Like many Irish, prior to the Easter Rising, independence issues was a topic for political debate grandstanding and did not reach popular audiences. The poem also marks a shift in Yeats views on the revolution: the action taken against the revolutionaries and the general pubic to implement control made him question the social value of the political status quo. In summary, Yeats reservation of the nationalist movements that culminate to the Easter Rising rose from his sentiments that they were mired in politics and did not focus enough on social change and did not address the apathy, the â€Å"ignorant good-will† and the conformity that prevailed in Irish society. However, he also commends the Easter Rising as decisive albeit unsuccessful action to gain independence. In conclusion, his critique is that there is a need for action, reform and authenticity of ideology, a state that neither accommodates for personal or political grandstanding and romanticizing of the struggle for independence.

Jessica in Ther Merchant of Venice

Jessica in The Merchant of Venice In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare introduces his audience to the multi dimensional character of Jessica. Jessica is identified as the daughter of a Jewish Merchant but the audience learns she is much more than that. As the play moves along and Jessica marries a Christian man, Jessica’s identity as a Jewish woman is challenged. Although a minor character in the play, she is important because she makes the audience question what it means to be Jewish and therefore what it means to be Christian.The differences between Judaism and Christianity in the play are shown through Jessica’s relationships with Shylock and Lorenzo. The father daughter relationship that Jessica and Shylock share shows the audience values of Judaism. The two have a very rocky relationship through out the play and although it appears that Jessica is no more than a rebellious teenager, their relationships and interactions show the foundations of a Jewish family. Shy lock shows the rigid rules of the Jewish religion through how he treats Jessica at their home.What the audience knows about Jessica and Shylock’s history is that Shylock locks up Jessica in their house and she is not allowed out. Jessica then undoubtedly has resentment towards her father when she says â€Å"Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, / Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness† (2. 3. 1). It is clear to the audience that Shylock not only wants to lock up his daughter to the world he, also doesn't want Jessica to experience Venetian society when he says â€Å"lock up the doors† so the sounds of music don't drift in from the streets (2. 5. 5).It becomes very obvious that Jessica’s house is a strict, rule driven household that she does not appreciate or like. Jessica’s life under Shylock’s rules shows the rigidness of the Jewish religion that Jessica was brought up under. These instances, at the beginning of the play, show the audience what Jessica’s life as a Jew is like. It is not until we see Jessica’s transition into a Christian that we can see the differences between the two religions. Once Jessica runs away from home and marries Lorenzo, her life as a Jewish woman comes to an end. Through this transition of Jessica’s, we see outside opinions on Judaism and Christianity.When Jessica runs away from home to marry, a conversation is sparked between Lorenzo and his friend Gratiano. They have a conversation about why it is that Lorenzo loves Jessica. Lorenzo is trying to explain to Gratiano how Jessica does not fit the typical Jewish mold by saying â€Å"For she is wise, if I can judge of her/And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true/And true she is, as she hath proved herself†(2. 6. 53-55). From Lorenzo’s language when describing Jessica, it becomes clear that these Christians associate good traits such as fairness, intelligence, and truthfulness with being traits that most Jewish people do not possess.On the opposite end of the argument, the play has Shylock and his response to Jessica running away, getting married, and selling her mothers wedding ring. Shylock responds by saying â€Å"Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my? turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. (3. 1. 14). Shylock is upset that his daughter would waste away her precious materials for something as foolish as a monkey. It is in this moment in the play that the audience see’s the new carefree lifestyle Jessica is living as a Christian when she denounces her mother’s ring.Shylock, who loves material possessions, is appalled by his daughter’s carless actions. The audience sees through Jessica’s transition from Jew to Christian and from the conversations sparked in characters from this action how the two different religious groups see each other. After her transition, Jessicaâ €™s relationship with her new husband also sparks different assumptions about religion. After Jessica marries Lorenzo, her life is literally transformed from a Jew to a Christian overnight. Through her final actions of the play, the audience can see how different her two worlds are.Her life with Lorenzo is one full of carefree fun and no material possessions. While her life with her father was one full of rules and restrictions. Once Jessica enters into this relationship with Lorenzo, the notion of what it means to be a Christian and what it means to be a Jew is questioned. Jessica’s two different lives represent the different stereotypes of the two religions. The Jewish people in this play are portrayed through Jessica and Shylock as being an old worldview of life. Shylock’s house is very strict, rule abiding, and oriented in hard work.While on the other hand, Lorenzo represents the New Testament, Christian view of the world where people are much more about living carefree and denouncing material possessions. When Jessica marries Lorenzo and becomes a Christian through marriage she also brings up another question about religion and what makes a person a Jew. Jessica is a Jew by birth but converts to Christianity through marriage. This brings about the question of is it birth or decision that makes a person a certain religion.Lancelot first brings this about when he claims that Jessica is damned because she was born Jewish in that he is referring to the fact that there is nothing she can do to undo being Jewish. The audience also sees many lines where the image of blood is brought up. Shylock refers to his daughter as â€Å"my own flesh and blood† (3. 1. 32) and Jessica states, â€Å"I am a daughter to his blood† (2. 3. 18). This image of blood that Jessica and Shylock share bonds them together and parallels the idea that Judaism runs in the blood, therefore is determined at birth.Although Lancelot seems to believe that Judaism runs in the blood, Jessica believes that she can overturn this by marrying Lorenzo. She states, â€Å"I shall be saved by my husband/He hath made me a Christian† (3. 5. 3). To her, Judaism is out of her because her husband, Lancelot, made her into a Christian through marriage. Here we see two differences in what the characters of the play believe makes a person Jewish. Lancelot believes Jessica is Jewish by birth, and Jessica believes that marrying Lorenzo can make her into a Christian. The character Jessica is important in The Merchant of Venice because of the questions she brings up about religion.Her relationship with her father shows her life as a Jew while her marriage to Lorenzo shows her conversion into a Christian. These two worlds of Jessica play off of each other and through them the audience is able to see the differences between Judaism and Christianity. Through Jessica’s transition from Jew to Christian, the audience is able to see the large differences be tween the Jewish and Christian characters in The Merchant of Venice. Works Cited Evans, G. , ed. The Riverside Shakespeare. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974.