sputnik and its effects on ame essays

sputnik and its impacts on ame expositions At the point when the Soviet Union propelled the sputnik in 1957, the United States was changed from various perspectives, for example, Education, Daily life, the increasing speed of the United States plan for their program and the impacts of the virus war. There were numerous safety measures taken by understudies and staff of educational systems and furthermore new thoughts and headways were acquainted with exercise intends to empower concentrates in science and building. The dispatch influenced thoughts for space programs and since the U.S. was at that point in rivalry with the Soviet Union, new propelled programs were presented, for example, NASA. The United States amended the heading of their mechanical plans when sputnik was propelled in 1957. The Soviet Union made an immense work up on the planet yet sputnik can be viewed as one of the most significant occasions ever. Sputnik didn't just make issues yet it likewise made the world more grounded and increasingly keen through the information that was gathered from sputnik and their serious advances that was resulting to the 1957 dispatch. Sputnik would have not been as sensational of an occasion in the event that it werent for the virus war time that was occurred at the hour of its dispatch. The virus war, which began in 1945, soon after World War II finished with the triumph allowed to the partners. It was a war not of weapons, decimation, or fights yet one of rivalry. Two nations of various government sees, the United States battling to shield socialist from spreading and impacting the world with entrepreneur thoughts and the Soviet Union attempting to spread their socialist perspectives. There were three primary choices that influenced the virus war and were utilized to prevent socialism from spreading. Winston Churchill, the head administrator of Britain around then, when gave a discourse about the soviets spreading of their perspectives. He considered all nations that were under socialist control an Iron Curtain. In 1947 Truman proposed his own arrangement to stop the spread of communis... <!

The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers Free Essays

Week 7†Case Study Tiantian Shi Keiser University Dr. Salas-Amaro Project Management February 23, 2013 Introduction For the situation 4-1, Pureswing Golf likes to advance deliberate and promising designers to extend supervisors since they know about the company’s theory of serious achievement and they can run new item extends well. Be that as it may, on the grounds that venture directors are volunteers, the disappointment pace of activities is high to 40%. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Pureswing Golf has understood this issue and needs to look through superior administrators in increasingly logical manner. This paper center around the constructive character qualities of undertaking administrators which can add to extend achievement and antagonistic character attributes of venture chiefs which would hamper the viable administration of activities. The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers 1, Good relational and relational abilities The capacity of correspondence is consistently one of the most significant aptitude for powerful administration. Venture directors need to realize how to obviously and precisely present the correct data to the opportune individuals in the fitting way (Rosenhead, 2012). For the outer condition, venture directors should have the option to clarify the necessities and choices to a wide assortment of partners (Pinto, 2010). It is likewise important to persuade partners to keep center around venture advantages to get more backings. For the inward condition, venture chiefs need to have a decent association with colleagues all through the undertaking usage process which incorporate talking and listening concerns and potential issues of the task, giving the criticism and mentor to colleagues, motiving colleagues keeping superior exhibitions (Pinto, 2010). It is a great idea to make a transparency and straightforwardness correspondence condition for the venture group. Clearly, a terrible communicator can't be a venture chief. 2, Team-Building abilities Because the colleague originate from various division of the association, it is difficult to make them from a gathering aliens to a solitary firm unit. Venture directors must comprehend this advancement and pertinent prerequisites for the change (Rosenhead, 2012). So as to manufacture a roused group, venture directors need to set aside some effort to see each group member’s character, qualities, and shortcomings (Barry, 2013). In the mean time, venture chiefs additionally need to be able to deal with the contentions. It is likewise important to give the substance to hold colleagues together toward the task objectives, for example, to applaud extraordinary colleagues (Brown, 2012). 3, Leadership capacities Good authority is pledge to moral practices (Barry, 2013). Venture supervisors make norms of moral conduct for themselves and colleagues. The group living by these norms are duties of undertaking pioneers. For instance, venture pioneers should compensate colleague who represent these practices. Administration dependent on respectability and a lot of qualities, conduct predictable with values (Brown, 2012). At the end of the day, the task head procures trust from to do what he/she state. Great authority requires suitable response to changes (Barry, 2013). There are a great deal of uncontrolled elements could influence venture execution. Under any of circumstance, venture chiefs can't be alarm. A pioneer should demonstrate a positive picture to the world and let everybody to see that he/she are not bothered by any abrupt changes to the arrangement. â€Å"Being ready to respond in the correct manner and show every other person that you are still in charge is a colossal characteristic for any venture administrator (Rosenhead, 2012). † 4, Ability to Delegate Tasks Project pioneers need can appoint undertakings to colleagues, particularly, there is a colossal measure of work that need be done in a constrained time (Barry, 2013). Trust is a fundamental component in the relationship of venture pioneer and colleagues (Rosenhead, 2012). To assign undertakings to others is an activity to demonstrate the trust to colleagues. Some of undertaking pioneers would prefer not to hazard to let another person to do a horrible showings work, they nearly do everything. Be that as it may, this is an off-base viewpoint. The undertaking head frequently bomb who can't confide in his/her colleagues (Barry, 2013). It is critical to permit colleagues to take part extend assignments. Venture administrators need to appoint errands to ideal individuals which relies upon the comprehension of each individuals’ level of ability or confinements (Brown, 2012). 5, Understanding and valuation for contrasts As the word is getting progressively worldwide, the work environment is getting increasingly differing, venture pioneers need to figure out how to oversee extends all around. Delicately to bargain venture work force who are from different ethnic, social, strict, and financial foundations is basic to construct a compelling undertaking group (Barry, 2013). End The qualities of venture supervisors have an extraordinary impact to the accomplishment of a task. The most effective method to pick opportune individuals to lead a task is basic or the organization. Fundamentally, a compelling undertaking chiefs ought to have great relational and relational abilities, group Building aptitudes, administration capacities, errands conveyance capacity, and the comprehension of multi-culture. References Pinto, K. J. (2010). Task the executives: Achieving upper hand, second ed. Pearson Education Rosenhead, R. (2012). Could the character qualities of a venture administrator add to extend achievement? Recovered from http://www. ronrosenhead. co. uk/4630/can-the-character characteristics of-a-venture supervisor add to-extend achievement/Brown, S. (2012). Factors generally basic to the achievement of a task oversee. Recovered from http://www. brighthubpm. com/asset the board/63002-factors-generally basic to-the-accomplishment of-a-venture chief/Barry, R. T. (2013). Top 10 characteristics of an undertaking administrator. Recovered from http://www. projectsmart. co. uk/top-10-characteristics venture director. html Step by step instructions to refer to The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers, Papers

Essay Topics on Book of the City of Ladies

Essay Topics on Book of the City of LadiesMany times, essay topics on the book of the city of ladies can make the essay so much easier. This can make it much more enjoyable as well, because it will make the essay much more enjoyable to write. As you get to them, however, keep in mind that they will also make the essay a lot less easy to read.So, what is the first thing that you should keep in mind when doing essay topics on the book of the city of ladies? Basically, you should be able to define your point. A good rule of thumb for you to consider is to consider the things that were said throughout the book and then compare them to something that is happening in real life. If you come up with some connections and something that makes sense, it will make your essay much easier to read. A little insight like this can make your essay so much more enjoyable.You will also want to consider one of the most common error when it comes to essay topics on the book of the city of ladies. This is how to make the essay easy to read. There are several ways to do this, but basically, one way to make the essay easy to read is to provide as much detail as possible. Basically, if you write too much information, the essay will read like a novel instead of an essay.For example, if you use a lot of general terms, it will make it difficult for readers to know what you are talking about. As such, just stick to the point and make sure to also provide enough information about that point. You don't want to be too vague, so make sure to write about as much as possible.Another thing that you will want to keep in mind is how to make your essay interesting to read. Again, this should be based on how you put into the book. The book is supposed to be a fun read, right? In order to make this happen, you should be able to take your essay topics on the book of the city of ladies and make it read more like a novel. This is the first key to your essay being readable.The next key to doing this is to not base your writing in terms of time in the book. Don't make it sound like you are talking to your reader or else it will make it harder to relate to them. Try to make it more like a story. The stories found in the book are going to be very similar to the stories that are found in real life, so make sure to include these as well.The last key to your essay is to take all of these different topics and put them together in a way that makes it easier to read. Keep in mind that there are going to be a lot of different topics that you have to choose from. Of course, you can always choose the topic and then you can base the rest of your essay around that subject.When it comes to essay topics on the book of the city of ladies, you should consider all of these tips and try to focus on the three most important points. By taking all of these things into consideration, you should be able to make your essay much easier to read. The more you learn about how to do this, the better off you will b e.

Early Emotional Attachment On Attachment Parenting

People can and do get the [attachment] theory confused with attachment parenting. The result of this may be that some parents, thinking that attachment parenting is too consuming and also because western society has a need for independence and separation, may then look for alternative methods that do not involve any form of attachment â€Å"methods†. The purpose of researching these theories is to gather information about attachment theory for those involved to make informed decisions that do not involve a speciï ¬ c parenting philosophy that may not suit their family’s needs. Attachment is the method through which people acquire specific positive and close emotional bonds with others. In mature relationships, people may be equal attachment figures. However, this is not the case in a relationship between the child and parent. The child-parent attachment is a tie based on a need for safety, security and protection, paramount during infancy and childhood when the developing individual is undeveloped and weak. As a result, infants unconsciously attach to their caregivers. This paper will further discuss the importance of early emotional attachment in development as well as progressive concepts and empirical foundations. Infant Attachment The earliest derivation of attachment theory is found in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of development. Freud was the first to suggest a theory of human developmental stages. Oral stage, the first step of his theory, sees infants become attachedShow MoreRelatedMy Point Of View Attachment Theory1033 Words   |  5 PagesMain Post Attachment theory is defined as the characters associated with the long term associated of human beings. From my point of view attachment is a lasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. John Bowlby who used his knowledge in developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, ethology, and data processing to base his principle of the theory developed attachment theory. John Bowlby believed that attachment theory was on of the four essential behavioralRead MoreChildhood Development And Childhood Stages1633 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood, is a period characterised by significant cognitive, emotional, social and biological development. This discussion will consider the significant aspects of childhood development and experiences that contribute to children’s longer-term well-being, however, its primary focus will be socio-emotional development. Longer-term well-being refers to physical, social and emotional health over a continuous period of time. However, it is important to consider that this a relatively broad definitionRead MoreDevelopment Of The Psychosocial Concept Of Socialization947 Words   |  4 Pagesmost detrimental early into the lifespan when the child is in the home setting with the primary caregiver, often times this parental figure is not consciously aware of their vital role in the child’s developing social processes. As the child grows, other factors influence their social development such as peers, cultural norms, gender norms, and ideas about morals and ethics. When one examines certain criteria of the socialization process to include aspects of parenting and attachment styles, facetsRead MoreThe Emotional Link Of Attachment1661 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Attachment is one of the developmental milestones that begins during conception and remains throughout one’s life. It is defined as the â€Å"strong affectionate tie we have for special people in our lives that lead us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress† (Berk, 2011, p. 264). When an individual meets the child’s needs, an attachment begins to form. The primary caregiver, preferably the mother, is considered toRead MoreThe Attachment Of Children And Their Influence On Children1686 Words   |  7 PagesAvoidant Attachment in Children Parents are a vital factor in the development of their children. Many parents fill various roles as teachers, playmates, caregivers, and disciplinary figures; but one of the most important roles that a parent can hold is that of an attachment figure. The attachment between a child and their attachment figure is a strong predictor of the child’s later social and emotional wellbeing (Benoit, 2004). John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth worked together to come to the principleRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory And Attachment Theory1260 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions 1: Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory Bandura’s social learning theory and Bowlby’s attachment theory. Each of these theories has similarities and distinctions regarding the mechanisms that underlie the impact of child abuse. This essay will examine these competing theories to determine which mechanisms are most strongly supported for families at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect (Begle, Dumas Hanson, 2010). Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests thatRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory795 Words   |  4 Pageschapter 1 that I chose was attachment theory. Attachment theory, coined by John Bowlby, is a concept in developmental psychology that concerns the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. It states that the ability for an individual to form an emotional and physical attachment to another person gives a sense of stability and the means necessary to take risks, branch out, and grow and develop as a personality. One of Bowlby’s main points in attachment theory is â€Å"separation anxietyRead MoreFamily Systems And Culture Influences Family System1742 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment patterns are defined to be the tie or bond made between the children and parents. To what extent are attachment patterns culturally determined? Attachment patterns are influenced by family systems and culture influences family systems. This being said, culture affects attachments a great deal when looking across the board of a variety of cultures. While this is the case, in the specific culture, the way parents attach to their child is considered â€Å"normal† to that family unit. Culture isRead MoreSylvia And Deborah Case Study1187 Words   |  5 Pageshippocampus, the major region in the brain that inhibits the HPA axis (Sherin Nemeroff, 2011, p. 267). This causes Sylvia to have dysregulation to coping with stressors throughout her life. With the death of her partner Judy, she tended to express more emotional grief and loss. On the other hand, Sylvia experienced debilitating migraines when attempting to go back to work and they subside when delaying going back to work. These chronic pain reactions relate to the somatization aspect of her complex PTSDRead MoreParents Anxiety About Their Children Starting School1261 Words   |  6 Pageswith 1 in 4 parents saying there is little information. Additionally, the article argues the importance of childr en’s social, emotional and communication skills, and that regular early communication between schools and parents could help families prepare for these skills which are vital to children’s development in school. In addition, it emphasises the importance of early year childcare providers and states that the reception year is important for helping children to prepare for and adjust to formal

The Affordable Care Act Of Wyoming - 1419 Words

To: David Marcum, Program Manager From: Timothy A. Deibert, Policy Analyst Office: POLS 1100-500 Date: September 22, 2014 Subject: The Affordable Care Act This Memo responds to your request for information about the affordable care act. In this memo I will discuss the history of the act, major provisions of the act, and how the act will affect health insurance in the state of Wyoming. I will also address the reaction and impact the act has had on other states in the union. The affordable care act was implemented by the 111th United States congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010 (U.S. Department of health and Human Services, 2014). The aim of the act is to expand access to health insurance, lower the uninsured rate, and reduce costs and increase the quality of healthcare. (Wikipedia) Introduction to the Problem The Affordable care act was enacted in order to reform the health insurance industry and to make health insurance more affordable and to provide better health care coverage for the citizens of the United States. The Obama administration set out with the goals of: expanding access to health insurance, lower the uninsured rate, and to reduce the costs of healthcare. The focus of the act is to use regulations on the federal and state level to maximize health care coverage for all citizens of the U.S. In this section I will examine the factors that have come to play into the creation of the affordable care act and the back groundShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Legal Implications Of The Health Care Industry1099 Words   |  5 PagesAs Healthcare Administrator’s and professionals within the health care industry, we face a myriad of issues that force us to analyze both the ethical legal responsibilities of both the institution, and the rights of the patient. In response to an unfortunate increase in the number of pregnant women that are patients at our health care facility, and the increasing number of woman upon examination that have exposed or are exposing their fetuses to risk, a study of the ethical and legal implicationsRead MoreStrategies For Implementation Of Health Care Reform Within Criminal Justice1595 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies for implementation of Health Care Reform within Criminal Justice Many correctional professionals believe that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have provided a major change to the way justice involved populations’ access health care in the community. Being able to secure health insurance especially Medicaid allowing more access to health care including behavioral health programs that will improve outcomes and positively impacts by reducing rates for returning to jail orRead MoreThe State Of Wyoming Permits1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe state of Wyoming permits the first law in the country granting women over the age 21 the right to vote. Subsequently assembly the Union in 1890s, it turns into the first state to permit women the right to vote in elections, though in 1887, Kansas permitted women to vote in elections. The colonies embrace the English system of property ownership for married women, implication women cannot own assets in their own name or keep a type of profit. By early 1900s, all states will have accepted legislat ionRead MoreThe Equal Pay Act And The Civil Rights Laws1595 Words   |  7 Pagespassed the Equal Pay Act this law made it illegal to pay women lower wage rates for the same job strictly based on their sex. Before that, separate job listings for men and women advertised in newspapers with different pay scales for the same jobs with the highest-level jobs advertising for men only. Subsequently, two important court cases, Schultz vs. Wheaton Glass (1970) which ruled jobs only need to be substantially equal and not identical to be protected under the Equal Pay Act and Corning GlassRead MoreCongressional Agencies And Public Office1573 Words   |  7 Pagesappropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, orga nizations or persons. ( Friedersdorf, Conor) Lee voted against the AUMF because she felt that it was too broad and gave the Bush administration too much discretionary militaryRead MoreFederal And State Legislature s Theory Of Medical Network Laws Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesif the member chooses to see a provider â€Å"out-of-network† then the member is subject to higher fees then if they were to see a provider â€Å"in-network† Health insurance carriers are the entity that offers medical benefits to their beneficiaries. Managed Care Organizations (MCO). Often times insurance carrier discourages members from seeking medical attention from providers outside of their â€Å"network†. I had the privileged of having an inside look at a MCO Network policies at MemorialCare. MCO organizationsRead MoreJustice Law : A Research Paper On Supreme Court Justice820 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpreted literally regardless of previous legislative decisions). Gorsuch has made multiple important rulings that range from power of the federal regulators to freedom of religion. Yellowbear v. Lampert (2014) This case was about a state prisoner in Wyoming that sued the prison for refusing to let him use the sweat lodge which prevented him from practicing his Native American faith. He said that this violated a federal statute that protects freedom of religion for those in prison. The prison dismissedRead MoreTaxes On Land And Property Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States is a total of 23.8 percent (20 percent plus a 3.8 percent tax to fund the Affordable Care Act) for taxpayers with adjusted gross incomes of $200,000 ($250,000 married filing jointly) or more. In addition, states and some localities levy taxes on capital gains income, which range from zero percent in states with no individual income tax, such as Florida, Texas, South Dakota, and Wyoming, to 13.3 percent in California. An individual who has capital gains income is subject to bothRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1042 Words   |  5 Pagesat. The graduation rates for high scho ol male have decreased to less than half at 47%, which means there are a lot of African American young men who are not graduating from high school. The states that have the lowest graduation rate are Nevada, Wyoming, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia at before 50%. The states that have the highest graduation rates are Arizona, NorthRead MoreIs Drilling Necessary? Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesmining. The guide â€Å"About Oil Shale,† which is sponsored by Oil Shale Tar Sands Programmatic EIS, states, â€Å"a moderate estimate of 800 billion barrels of recoverable oil from oil shale in the Green River Formation†Ã¢â‚¬â€ covering Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming — â€Å"is three times greater than the proven oil reserves of Saudi Arabia† and is within American soil, yet drilling is prohibited. Another formation available, The Bakken Formation, stretches throughout Montana, North Dakota, and into Southeastern

The Battle Of Khorramshahr And The War - 1412 Words

The Battle of Khorramshahr was a battle that transpired between the countries of Iran and Iraq and took place from September 22 to November 10, 1980. The port city of Khorramshahr, the staging area of the first battle that kicked off the Iran-Iraq war, was a predominately wealthy, upper class city with a population of over 200,000 people. The once cosmopolitan city, Khorramshahr, became known as Khuninshahr, the ‘City of Blood’, because of the violent conditions and number of casualties suffered in the city. Most of the Iraq-Iran war took place just inside the borders of both countries and in the Persian Gulf. A truce was called on July 20, 1988 after nearly eight years of war. Iran accepted a United Nations resolution after a tiresome fight with over one million casualties suffered on both sides. There is not a specific incident that caused the beginning of the war. The dispute between Iran and Iraq has been one of history that goes back hundreds of years. The Ottoman Empire was in a constant battle for superiority in the area. Political and ideological opposition between Arabs and Persians can be rooted even further to the Muslim invasion of the Persian Empire in the seventh century and the ensuing divide between Sunnis and Shias in the Muslim faith. The border between the two countries was unsettled, ever changing as the balance of power shifted in the region from Kurdistan in the north to the Shatt al-Arab river in the south. Kurdistan covers a large areaShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps1860 Words   |  8 PagesRevolution created disorder in many Iranian military units and Iranian confrontation with the U.S. ensured it would be cut off from its primary weapons supplier. During the year after the fall of the Shah, many areas of Iran were approaching civil war; this frenzy in Iran made the country seem much more vulnerable than it really was, and led Saddam Hussein to feel he had his first genuine opportunity to make Iraq the dominant power in the area and the Arab world (Cordesman Wagner, 1990). HusseinRead MoreThe War Between Iraq And Iran1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe war between Iraq and Iran initiated by Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein in September 1980 provided no gains or benefits to either country, at the end of the war in July of 1988 after 8 long years. At the conclusion of many wars throughout history, at least one party resulted in gaining territory, wealth, power, and other profits. However, in reality it is understood that no one ever wins in war due to the adverse affects among innocent humanity; exemplified by the Iraq-Iran war. The initial conflict

Auditing Waterco Limited

Question: Identify various audit risk prevailing in the business enterprise of Waterco Limited? Answer: Executive Summary The main purpose of the assignment is to identify various audit risk prevailing in the business enterprise. Waterco Limited is a public listed company in Australian Stock Exchange. Key findings of the particular assignment include audit risk assessment and planned materiality in an overall manner. In this study, audit risk model is explained with proper justification. It includes control, inherent as well as detection risk for the same. Product offerings of Waterco Limited include water treatment, spa and swimming pool. Introduction This particular study deals with company named Waterco Limited. This particular deals its business operations in steel and mining sector. This company has its listings in Australian Stock Exchange. In this study, key information on Waterco Limited is stated with proper justification. Nature and products offerings of Waterco Limited include water treatment, spa treatment, swimming pool and many more (Brigham and Daves 2012). Waterco Limited faces stiff competition from Middlesex Water Company and Ostara. They operate in the same sector and contributes large market share for the same. Audit plan will help the company for understanding various audit risk and make materiality plan for the misstated accounts in an overall manner. Key Information Our understanding of the client Nature of the business Waterco is an Australian-based public listed company. This particular company operates its business operations in manufacturing as well as distribution: Offerings of Waterco Pool and spa treatment Commercial water treatment equipment Pool and spa chemicals Domestic water filters Softeners Purifiers Industry Competition Waterco Limited Company faces stiff competition from the nearest competitors. Some of main competitors are as follows: Middlesex Water Company Ostara Cyber-Rain Avantech APT water Major customers and suppliers Waterco Limited Company believes in manufacturing as well as distributing wide range of products especially for the International swimming pool, water treatment as well as spa treatment. Franchisor of Waterco Limited Company includes Swimart, New Zealand and Australia. It has the largest distribution channels for pool of spa retail outlets for providing heating solution in the Australian Dealerships (Cammack 2014). This particular company deals and maintain network with the Watershoppes. This particular store sells extensive range of Waterco products that includes water filters as well as drinking water purifiers for the same. Waterco Limited Company has achieved success from the pioneering fibreglasses as well as various plastic moulding techniques. These techniques help in the final manufacturing process in an overall manner. This company believes in delivering high quality as well as innovative products at affordable value for 40 countries worldwide (Cummins 2015). Various products of Waterco Limited Company include water treatment equipment and range of swimming pool and chemicals for the same. Regulations Waterco Limited Company believes in indulging in appropriate corporate governance for ensuring creation, protection as well as protection of values of shareholders. It maintains as well as ensuring of Waterco management for enhancing highest level of corporate ethics (Guthrie and Pang 2012). It relates with Australian Securities Exchange Limited and corporate governance principles as well as recommendations. This company discloses the corporate governance principles and recommendations for laying the solid foundations in the management system in an overall manner. Industry risk and entity risks Waterco Limited Company faces various industry and entity risk that needs urgent attention by the management of the business enterprise. Management design ways in risk management internal control system for managing the business risk in an effective manner (Guthrie and Pang 2013). Audit Committee should engage in viewing at the effectiveness of the risk management system of the company. Identification of risk and reporting to the audit committee will help in immediate course of action. Risk management framework ensures meeting the operational requirements of Waterco Limited Company (He, He and Evans 2012). Our assessment of significant accounts Financial Highlights of Waterco Limited Particulars 2012 (in US Dollars ) 2013 (in US Dollars) 2014 (in US Dollars) Property, Plant and Equipment $ 64450702 $63822131 $65559078 Net Income $9315514 $8594519 $ 9315514 Trade Receivables $6928181 $ 7661576 $ 6461059 Trade Payables $150449086 $ 165364854 $ 160459831 Equity $ 136118380 $ 141498373 $ 144082664 Basic earnings Per share 0.64 0.58 0.43 Diluted earnings per share 0.64 0.58 0.41 Net Income Net Income was distributed among the shareholders in the year 2014. It helps in project development expenses for the proposed plan in Mexico. Waterco Limited needs to exceed in recurring legal expenses for conduction of negotiation for enhancing the retail license in the near future. It needs to check on the net impairment charge for recording of further investment and various earnings on investment in an overall manner. Retail segment of Waterco Limited needs proper attention and recording of further income from operations for the year 2013 and 2014. Trade Receivables Waterco Limited needs to keep check on the trade receivables for smooth functioning of business activities. Sundry debtors help in addressing the current assets and short-term obligations in an overall manner. It fails to address significant matters from the audit report of Waterco Limited Company. Trade Payables Waterco Limited should identify the significant accounts like account payables. It is necessary to reduce in the trade payables for smooth functioning of business organization. Trade payables increased considerably. Equity is the ownership capital of Waterco Limited. Prepayment and acquisition of equity shares will help the business for attaining future goals as well as objectives. It is identified that issuing unqualified audit report leads to misleading of information from the financial statements of Waterco Limited Company (Laing and Perrin 2014). Property, Plant and Equipment These fixed assets need acquisition by the Waterco Limited for smooth functioning of business activities. Waterco Limited deals its business operations in steel and mining industry. This company needs assistance from the auditors for identifying various risks pertaining in the business enterprise (Kober, Lee and Ng 2013). Some of the issues prevailing in Waterco Limited and inappropriate audit opinions that need urgent consideration. As far as inherent risk is concerned, it reveals the material misstated especially in the financial statements for the error omission and various factors governing failure to controls. It requires various lapse controls and separation from the related control risk in an overall manner (Lion 2012). Higher inherent risk implies high degree of judgement for estimating in the transactions of Waterco Limited Company. For Instance, Waterco Limited Company involves inherent risk in the significant trade as well as exposure for the various complex derivative instruments in an overall manner. The main objective of auditors is to compare between the operating terms and established manufacturing concern for sustainable competitive environment in an overall manner (Madura 2012). In case of control risk, Waterco Limited Company needs to evaluate the material misstated reports especially in the financial statements. It mainly arises because of absence as well as failure for the operational activity of an entity in an overall manner. Waterco Limited Company needs sufficient level of internal controls for preventing the detected instances like fraud and error for the same (Malone, Tarca and Wee 2015). High control risk affects the audit entity for proper adequate internal controls for detection of various errors in the financial statements in an overall manner. Control risk assessment helps in preventing segregation of duties prevailing in small sized entity in the most appropriate way (McKinney 2015). It ensures preparation of individuals and necessary technical knowledge for the concept on accounting as well as finance in an overall manner. Detection risk is one of the audit risks for detecting in the material misstatement especially in the financial statements. It is important to understand the fact that auditors should apply various audit procedures in detecting in the material misstatements for viewing at the errors as well as fraud in Waterco Limited Company (Michalski 2012). Reduction in the detection risk involves increasing in the number of available sampled transactions especially for detailed testing in an overall manner. Our planning materiality Financial Reporting Frameworks will discuss the concept on materiality and provides fair presentation for the financial statements. Calculation on materiality level 0.25% of total revenue Operating Revenue = $77.97 million*0.0025 = $ 194,928 Audit Fee= $170000 It is important to consider the fact audit fees are given to the auditor for the financial services. It includes preparation of audit report and maintains the authenticity of financial information of Waterco Limited Company (Stevenson 2012). From the annual report of Waterco Limited Company, It is revealed that various audit risk are identified and needs immediate attention by an external auditors. Auditors easily proceed with the aspect on inherent as well as control risks pertaining in the audit engagement. It helps in understanding the entity as well as environment of Waterco Limited Company. Detection risk helps in assessing the residual risk prevailing in Waterco Limited Company (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014.). It is important to understand the fact that assessment of auditors needs urgent attention on inherent as well as control risk prevailing in the business enterprise. It is advisable for keeping low level of detection risk for achieving in the increased sample size in case of audit testing in an overall manner (Brown 2014). Auditors need to show engagement in the inherent and control risks for assessing higher level of risk deduction in the near future. From the above calculation, it is easy to assess the planning for materiality for misstatements. Discussion materiality concepts include: Misstatements mainly include omissions and the various economic decisions for undertaking the financial statements in an overall manner. Entire judgement of materiality concepts varies in the surrounding circumstances in affecting in the size of the misstated financial statements in an overall manner. Matters are purely based for the users of financial statements for considering the information especially on individual basis and make necessary recommendations for the same. Application of financial reporting framework provides reference to the auditors for determining in the audit materiality in an overall manner. Materiality relates with the professional judgement and affects perception of an auditor (Datar et al. 2014). Auditor required reasonable knowledge of business as well as economic activities. It implies willingness of an auditor for providing information in the financial statement. Auditors require understanding the financial statements for preparation for the audited levels of materiality in an overall manner (Deegan 2012). Audit Risk Model helps auditors for managing in the overall risk as well as various audit engagement for the same. Planning of material misstated performance requires establishment of audit strategy by the external auditors. Auditors should determine in the materiality concepts in the financial statements for execution of various transactions in an overall manner (DRURY 2013). Specific circumstances include account balances for the disclosure activities especially in the financial statement of Waterco Limited Company. It includes various economic decisions undertaken by the auditors in dealing the financial information of Waterco Limited Company. Addition to that, auditor needs to evaluate in the level of performance of materiality in assessment of risk and determination of various audit procedures for the same (Edwards 2013). The main objective of auditors is to revise in the audit statement from time to time. It includes revision of materiality aspect especially in the financial statements of Waterco Limited Company (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). In order to conduct the audit report, various documentation are required by the auditor. This includes: Materiality for the financial statements of Waterco Limited Company Application of materiality for particular transactions that includes account balances as well as disclosures for the same Performance materiality Audit Progress Our assessment of what can go wrong Auditors of Waterco Limited Company fails to consider various audit procedures. Assessment of risk misstatement is necessary in the financial statement level in an overall manner. Assertion level needs proper consideration by all classes of transactions including account balances and the related procedures for the same (Scott 2014). In order to mitigate the risk prevailing in Waterco Limited Company, it is necessary for the auditors for identification of risk in the near future (Brigham and Daves 2012). Auditors need to obtain brief understanding of the entity as well as environment for enhancing in the internal controls. It mainly includes various account balances as well as various disclosures in the financial statements in an overall manner (Moyer, McGuigan and Rao 2014). This is in the form of trade receivables and trade payables. There is a significant amount of differences in the given amount. Assertion level risk went wrong while main implication on operational activities of Waterco Limited Company (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). It relates with potential misstatements in relation with the sense of magnitude in the financial statements in an overall manner. Risks that requires Special Audit Consideration for Waterco Limited Company Auditors should identify the risk and determine in the judgement of an auditors in responding with the significant risk in an overall manner. Auditors needs to differentiate between risk and fraud activities prevailing in the business activities It is required to ascertain risk associated with accounting, economic as well as other developmental activities enquiring special attention by an auditors Auditors needs to evaluate with the complexity in the level of transactions It is essential to ascertain enhancing various transactions with the relevant parties in an overall manner. As far as degree of subjectivity is concerned, it is essential for measuring in the financial information in respect with risk association (. It helps in measuring the uncertainty prevailing in the business enterprise in an overall manner. Auditors need to evaluate the audit evidence in response with the substantive procedures prevailing in the business enterprise in an overall manner (Cammack 2014). It should permit automated processing for manual intervention and understand the perspective of management of Waterco Limited Company. In preparing an audit report on the financial statements, it is required to understand the overall objectives of Waterco Limited Company (Michalski 2012). It includes reasonable assurance especially in the financial statements and acts free from the material misstatements in an overall manner. Auditors need to express appropriate opinion and prepare financial reporting framework (Cummins 2015). This will help in communicating the required GAAD and the findings by the auditors in the near future. Audit risk is one of the functions in the material misstatement as well as detection of overall risk prevailing in Waterco Limited (McKinney 2015). Analytical procedures help in ascertaining in the risk assessment for the material misstated statements. It relates in designing in the assessed risks and including the financial as well as non-financial information of Waterco Limited Company (Guthrie and Pang 2012). It mainly builds cordial relationship between sales as well as selling space in respect to volume of goods sold in an overall manner. It includes identification of unusual transactions and indicating in the audit implications in an overall manner. Unexpected relationships assist an auditor for identification of risks and material misstatements in an overall manner (Guthrie and Pang 2013). Observation as well as Inspection mainly support the inquiries of management activities and provide information on financial position of Waterco Limited Company. It involves operations f an entity as well as business plans and strategies in an overall manner (Huang and Vlady 2012). Preparation of reports by the management involves meetings with the Board of Directors in the most appropriate way. Auditors identify information from the prior periods in the final decision-making process. It enhances in the previous experience and various audit procedures. It involves past misstatements and correction on timely manner (Laing and Perrin 2014). Nature of the entity involves various internal control measures and deficiencies prevailing in Waterco Limited Company. It is necessary to conduct discussion among the engagement team for viewing at the financial statements of Waterco Limited Company. It mainly provides an opportunity for experienced engagement team members (Lasher, 2013). It engages in engagement partner and various insights on knowledge on equity in an overall manner. It helps in allowing the engagement team members for exchange of information especially on business risks pertaining in Waterco Limited Company. It helps in assisting engagement team members and gain better understanding of potential material misstatement especially in the financial statements of Waterco Lim ited Company (Lion 2012). Audit results involve decisions on nature and extent of timing for the audit procedures in an overall manner. Most of the small audits and carries out engagement collaborate in case of sole proprietorships. It considers the financial statements of entity for the material misstatement. Communication plan will help in understanding proper discussion on engagement team members and various factors for the same (Madura, 2012). It requires brief understanding on the entity and its environment. It mainly includes internal control of an entity. Various industry factors of Waterco Limited Company help in understanding the competitive environment, building supplier, and customer relationships in an overall manner. Technological developments help in maintaining regulatory as well as external factors in the most appropriate way (Malone, Tarca and Wee 2015). Market and competition includes demand, price competition as well as capacity for the same. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is noticed that Waterco Limited Company faces various audit risk. It is essential for conducting audit report for the next financial year. Audit report will give brief introduction on the financial information of Waterco Limited. This particular company deals with the steel and mining industry in the most appropriate way. This company offers various products and this includes water treatment, pool and spa treatment in an overall manner. This study covers the significant accounts and the planed materiality for the rest of the operational activities of Waterco Limited Company. Reference List Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Brigham, E., and Daves, P. (2012).Intermediate financial management. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E., and Ehrhardt, M. (2013).Financial management: theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brown, R., 2014.A history of accounting and accountants. Routledge. Cammack, J. (2014).Building Financial Management Capacity for NGOs and Community Organizations. Practical Action Publishing. Cummins, C. (2015). The gold standard.Superfunds Magazine, (408), 42. Datar, S.M., Rajan, M.V., Wynder, M., Maguire, W. and Tan, R., 2013.Cost accounting: a managerial emphasis. Pearson Higher Education AU. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Guthrie, J., and Pang, T. T. (2012). Goodwill impairment disclosure under AASB 136 from 2005-2010: disclosure requirements. Guthrie, J., and Pang, T. T. (2013). Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), 216-231. He, R., He, L., and Evans, E. (2012).The impact of AASB 8 on segment disclosure practices and analysts information environment. Working paper (Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia, 2012). Huang, A., and Vlady, S. (2012). The Accounting and Economic Effects of Currency Translation Standards: AASB 1012 vs. AASB 121.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,8(11), 1601. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kober, R., Lee, J., and Ng, J. (2013). GAAP, GFS and AASB 1049: perceptions of public sector stakeholders.Accounting Finance,53(2), 471-496. Laing, G. K., and Perrin, R. W. (2014). Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift: AASB 116 noncurrent asset measurement models.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(5-6), 509-519. Lasher, W. R. (2013).Practical financial management. Cengage Learning. Lion, J. (2012). How the IASB Interacts with Domestic Standard SettersA Network of Standard Setters.Australian Accounting Review,22(3), 244-245. Madura, J. (2012).International financial management. Cengage Learning. Malone, L., Tarca, A., and Wee, M. (2015). Non-GAAP earnings disclosures and IFRS.Available at SSRN 2626972. McKinney, J. B. (2015).Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies. ABC-CLIO. Michalski, G. (2012). Accounts receivable management in nonprofit organizations.Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowoņºci, (68), 83-96. Moyer, R. C., McGuigan, J., and Rao, R. (2014).Contemporary financial management. Cengage Learning. Scott, W.R., 2014.Financial accounting theory. Pearson Education Canada. Stevenson, K. M. (2012). The changing IASB and AASB relationship.Australian Accounting Review,22(3), 239-243.

El Greco Essays - El Greco, Heraklion, Titian,

El Greco El Greco was born 1541 and died 1614 in Toledo at age 73. He was named at birth Domeniko's TheotoKopoulos. He was Born in Candia, the capital of the island of Crete, off the coast of Greece. Nothing is certain is known of the first twenty five years of El Greco's life, except that he lived on Crete and became a painter. It is thought from later events in his life that El Greco recieved a sound education in letters. He came from a family of middle or upper classes, which could afford to send their children to school. He studied under a master named Titian and Tentonetto. He was not self taught. June 6, 1566 is the first record of El Greco's existence as a painter. On this day Maistro Menegos Theotokopoulos signed a sale in a lottery (sale) for one of his pictures. After this point the next record of El Greco was August 18, 1568 in Venice. He had gone to venice to develop his talent as a painter and learn about Italian art. He later left Italy or Spain to earn a better sale on paintings. El Greco had a Venetian apprentice ship and trained him well in divining the personalities of his models and had given him a serious approach to his subjects. He was not the madman nor the excessive original that people have thought him to be. He was an enthusiastic colorist. He was fond of unusual tones. He sacrificed everything in his search for effects. Despite his mistakes, El Greco canonly be considered as a great painter. He had an unusual style as the work of a genius. After his arrival in Toledo (July 1577) he formed a relationship with a woman named Jeronima de las Cueuns. He lived with her there after and never married. They had a son named Jorge manuel in 1578. Jorge was trained as a painter and architect and became his father's partner beginning around 1500. Little is known about El Greco. He made a good income as a painter but was a poor manage of his finances. He was often in debt. He lived in a large palace in Toledo owned by the Marquios of Villena. He did not associate with other artists, but with scholars, poets and priests. He worked on treatises concerning the arts of painting. El Greco was known for his quick wit and intelligence, his pride and arrogance. This even led to arguments with customers about the price of his works. He created wonderful masterpieces of painting in a style that deserves to be called original and unconventional. Some thought his paintings were a non realstic stlye and distorted and that the figures in them were gaunt and haggard. Some felt he painted modern art, to the spaniards he was a cultural hero and painted their own national religions spirit. He will always be known as an old master who spoke in modern work. His works distorted the tones of painting, the human body, and landscape to make all see what point he was making about a person or a scene he was painting. El Greco is one of the greatest portraitists in the history of painting.

A Birth of a Nation essays

A Birth of a Nation essays Birth of a Nation is the single most important and key film of all time - it contains many new cinematic innovations and refinements, technical effects and artistic advancements, including a color sequence at the end. It became a formative influence on future films and has had a recognized impact on film history and the development of film as art. In addition, at almost three hours in length, it was the longest film to date. Its pioneering technical work includes: the special use of subtitles graphically verbalizing imagery, the introduction of night photography, the use of outdoor natural landscapes as backgrounds, the definitive usage of the still-shot, the technique of the camera "iris" effect (expanding or contracting circular masks to either reveal and open up a scene, or close down and conceal a part of an image, moving, panning camera tracking shots, the use of total-screen close-ups to reveal intimate expressions, the use of vignettes seen in or iris-shots in one portion of a darkened screen, high-angle shots and the abundant use of panoramic long shots, the dramatization of history in a moving story, an example of an early spectacle or epic film with historical costuming, staged battle scenes with hundreds of extras, extensive cross-cutting between two scenes to create excitement and suspense, and the cumulative building of the film to a dramatic climax. Many of these techniques are now standard features of films, but they were first used in this film. However, it still provokes conflicting views about its message. First off, there are questions about whether or not the government should give funding to preserve this film. Next, because the film is explicitly racist and is used for Ku Klux Klan recruitment one must question whether the film is suitable for today's society. The government should give funding for this film to be preserved. It is a piece of history in two senses, one, ...

Green Pastures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Green Pastures - Essay Example Currently, Green Pastures houses six children full time on location in Mountain View. The children housed there range from the ages of six to eighteen and they all have developmental disabilities. Using a four bed-room house Green Pastures is able to provide services for these six children, as well as a short-term service for parents who may need a well-deserved break. They also provide training for people who are interested in caring for children with disabilities. Green Pastures uses a unique system to help fully meet every child’s needs. Using a three-pronged individualized system, Green Pastures is able to fully customize their programs to each and every single child. Green Pastures makes a specialized schooling plan, home program, and tutoring program for each child. Parents are also asked to be as involved as possible, and are invited to spend time on center with their child, encouraged to attend any major conferences about their child, updated on any developments in their child’s goals or needs, and they also allow children to go home on weekends and holidays as often as possible. Green Pastures also has a very active community interaction program. Regular outings include picnics, trips to the zoo, horseback riding, swimming lessons, and other fun community activities. This crucial part allows the children to interact with the community, and also allows the community to see that the Green Pastures family can participate in regular everyday activities just like everybody else. In conclusion, Green Pastures is a great community with a religious background that allows children a deep connection to caring, loving people.

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas Research Paper - 1

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas - Research Paper Example The short story opens with the death of the personas mother. The mother is portrayed as a powerful figure that has overall authority over her children. He recalls how the mother was strict and looked after them with an iron fist. The mother is symbolic of the country, Cuba. They loved their country, but with the revolution, it is constantly changing from the beautiful place they once knew to an ugly, terrible state â€Å"haven’t you notice the smell, the flies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦?† The country is now ruled by dictators, and all the good things are slowly dying (Arenas, pg.316). They have been replaced by beetles, flies, rats and maggots, which have been used metaphorically to refer to the oppressors. Since the coming of the Cuban revolution to power, the people have been oppressed. After the collapse of their motherland, the citizens display their loyalty to their country by choosing to die for it. He is gives a detailed description of the disgraceful behavior of the oppressors by using the flies and maggots to give a vivid a picture. After days of decomposition, the bodies have a started to rot and maggots have invaded it. It displays the rot in the revolution and how the oppressors are devouring the countries resources and mistreating the citizens. After the death of the mother, the sisters stab themselves to death as a sign of solidarity. This signifies the collapse of the pillars of the country. The social and economic aspects of the community are all eroded â€Å"watch how we gracefully glide over the field and garden doomed†¦.† During the revolution era, the country experiences so many calamities (Arenas, pg.316). Cuba suffered massive abuse of power and mistreatment by the dictators. In the Short story, flies have been used metaphorically to compare them to the behaviors and style of leadership employed by the dictators. The dictators have executed and massacred the martyrs, and the young adolescent boys shot in the firing squad. They are

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay Example for Free

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay It is unsurprising that development of innovation is often run as a project. Yet, theoretically both project management and innovation studies have evolved over time as distinctively separate disciplines. In this paper we make an attempt to conceptualize the innovation project management and past as well as future of same. By doing so, we contribute to the nascent academic debate on the interplay between innovation and project management. This paper is concerned with three topics and the interplay between them, namely â€Å"Innovation†, â€Å"Research and Development (RD)† and â€Å"Project Management†. The interest in these topics has exploded recently as they emerged both on the policy agenda and in the corporate strategies. The contribution of technological innovation to national economic growth has been well established in the economic literature. In the last couple of decades, new technologies, new industries, and new business models have powered impressive gains in productivity and GDP growth. While originally there was a tendency to equate RD and innovation, contemporary understanding of innovation is much broader than purely RD. RD is one component of innovation activities and knowledge creation among others. Innovation emerges as a pervasive and complex force, not only in the high-tech sectors in advanced economies, but also as a phenomenon existing in low-tech industry of developing, or catching-up economies. Still, the link between RD and innovation is often at the core of the innovation studies. Presently, we are witnessing â€Å"projectification† of the world as a growing number of specialists organise their work in projects rather than on on-going functional basis. The connection between RD and project management has a long history. Most tools of project management have been developed from the management of RD, often with military purposes (Lorell, 1995). The most vivid example of managing RD projects in the public sector is the PRINCE2 method (UK OGC, 2005). Due to the above mentioned difference between RD and innovation, RD projects should be distinguished from innovation projects too. Innovation is a non-linear process, not necessarily technology-led and may not necessarily result from formal RD investments. Innovation is the exploration and exploitation of new ideas and recombination of existing knowledge in the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage. Besides, both innovation and RD projects by their nature differ from conventional projects. Thus, there is a need to examine the Innovation Project Management (IPM) as a distinctive area of managing innovation in projects, using the tools and methods of the project management. The Evolution of Project Management Theory The genesis of the ideas that led to the development of modern project management can arguably be traced back to the protestant reformation of the 15th century. The Protestants and later the Puritans introduced a number of ideas including ‘reductionism’, ‘individualism’ and the ‘protestant work ethic’ (PWE) that resonate strongly in the spirit of modern project management. Reductionism focuses on removing unnecessary elements of a process or ‘ceremony’ and then breaking the process down into its smallest task or unit to ‘understand’ how it works. Individualism assumes we are active, independent agents who can manage risks and create ideas. These ideas are made into ‘real things’ by social actions contingent upon the availability of a language to describe them. The PWE focuses on the intrinsic value of work. Prior to the protestant reformation most people saw work either as a necessary evil, or as a means to an end. For Protestants, serving God included participating in and working hard at worldly activities as this was part of God’s purpose for each individual. From the perspective of the evolution of modern project management, these ideas were incorporated into two key philosophies, Liberalism and Newtonianism. Liberalism included the ideas of capitalism (Adam Smith), the division of labour, and that an industrious lifestyle would lead to wealthy societies Newton saw the world as a harmonious mechanism controlled by a ‘universal law’. Applying scientific observations to parts of the whole would allow understanding and insights to occur and eventually a complete understanding. LITERATURE REVIEW In this paper we seek to establish bridges between two distinctive disciplines – project management and innovation management (innovation studies). Despite seemingly interrelated nature of both subjects, these two research domains have been developing relatively isolated from each other. Innovation Studies Innovation studies are rooted in the seminal writing of Joseph Schumpeter in the 1920s-1930s (e. g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose ideas started to gain popularity in the 1960s, as the general interest among policymakers and scholars in technological change, RD and innovation increased. The field formed as a distinctive academic discipline from the 1980s. Scholars like Richard Nelson, Chris Freeman, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Giovanni Dosi, Jan Fagerberg, Bart Verspagen, Eric von Hippel and others have shaped and formed this discipline. The seminal publications in the area include, inter alia, Freeman (1982), Freeman and Soete (1997), Lundvall (1992), Nelson and Winter (1977, 1982), von Hippel (1988). Regarding the definition of innovation – a general consensus has been achieved among innovation scholars who broadly understand this phenomenon as a transformation of knowledge into new products, processes and services. An in-depth review of the innovation literature is beyond the scope of this paper (refer to Fagerberg (2004) for such analysis). Our intention is to outline main directions of research. In a recent paper, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) provide a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive and organizational characteristics of the emerging field of innovation studies and consider its prospects and challenges. The authors trace evolution and dynamics of the field. Reflecting the complex nature of innovation, the field of innovation studies unites various academic disciplines. For examples, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) define four main clusters of innovation scholars. They are â€Å"Management† (cluster 1), â€Å"Schumpeter Crowd† (cluster 2), â€Å"Geography and Policy† (cluster 3. 1), Periphery† (cluster 3. 2) and â€Å"Industrial Economics† (cluster 4). For the purposes of our analysis we shall have a closer look at the â€Å"Management† cluster, since it is here where the connection between innovation and Project Management can be found. In fact â€Å"Management† is the smallest cluster within the entire network of innovation scholars, consisting of only 22 scholars, mainly sociologists and management scholars, with a geographical bias towards the USA. This small number of scholars (22) is in sharp contrast with the biggest clusters ? â€Å"Geography and Policy† (298 scholars) or â€Å"Schumpeter Crowd† (309). In terms of publication preferences, apart from Research Policy, the favorite journal for innovation scholars, members of â€Å"Management† cluster see management journals as the most relevant publishing outlets, particularly Journal of Product Innovation Management, Management Science and Strategic Management Journal. Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009, p. 29) see a strong link between innovation and management and provide a following description: â€Å"Management is to some extent a cross-disciplinary field by default and firm-level innovation falls naturally within its portfolio. †¦. So between innovation studies and management there clearly is some common ground†. Project Management The project management as a human activity has a long history; e. g. construction of Egyptian pyramids in 2000 BC may be regarded as a project activity. However, the start for the modern Project Management era, as a distinctive research area, was in the 1950s. Maylor (2005) determines three major stages of the PM historical development. Before the 1950s, the PM as such was not recognized. In the 1950s, tools and techniques were developed to support the management of complex projects. The dominant thinking was based on â€Å"one best way† approach, based on numerical methods. The third stage, from the 1990s onwards is characterized by the changing environment in which projects take place. It is more and more realized that a project management approach should be contingent upon its context. It is also noted that a shift is observed over time in development of project management – from focus on sole project management to the broader management of projects and strategic project management (Fangel, 1993; Morris, 1994; Bryde, 2003). Reflecting these changes in the managerial practices, the body of academic literature on PM has evolved and burgeoned. International Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journals became the flagship publication outlets for PM scholars and practitioners. A large number of (managerial) handbooks outlining the methods and techniques of PM have been published, e. g. Andersen et al (2004), Bruijn et al (2004) Kerzner (2005), Maylor (2005), Meredith and Mantel (2006), Muller (2009), Roberts (2007), Turner (1999), Turner and Turner (2008). Despite a growing number of publications, there is no unified theoretical basis and there is no unified theory of project management, due to its multidisciplinary nature (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Project management has a more applied nature than other management disciplines. Although the PM has formed as a distinct research field, there is no universal, generally accepted definition of a project and project management. Turner (1999) develops a generic definition of a project: A project is an endeavor in which human, financial and material resources are organized in a novel way to undertake a unique scope of work, of given specification, which constraints of cost and time, so as to achieve beneficial change defined by quantitative and qualitative objectives. There have been several attempts to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art research in PM and outline its trends and future directions (e. g. , PMI, 2004; Betts and Lansley, 1995; Themistocleous and Wearne, 2003; Crawford et al, 2006; Kloppenberg and Opfer, 2002). In a recent article, Kwak and Anbari (2009) review relevant academic journals and identify eight allied disciplines, in which PM is being applied and developed. These disciplines include such areas as Operation Management, Organizational Behavior, Information Technology, Engineering and Construction, Strategy/Integration, Project Finance and Accounting, and Quality and Management. Notably, one of these eight allied disciplines is â€Å"Technology Application / Innovation / New Product Development / Research and Development†. The authors found that only 11% of journal publications on the subject of project management fell under the â€Å"Innovation† heading. Yet, importantly, this area showed sustained upward interest, and hence the number of publications, since the 1960s. Overall, Kwak and Anbari (2009) conclude that the mainstream PM research proceeds largely in the â€Å"Strategy / Integration / Portfolio Management / Value of PM / Marketing† direction (30% of all publications examined by the authors). PM AND INNOVATION: THE PAST Projects in one form or another have been undertaken for millennia, but it was only in the latter part of the 20th century people started talking about ‘project management’. Earlier endeavors were seen as acts of worship, engineering or nation building. And the people controlling the endeavors saw themselves as members of groups focused on specific callings such as generals, priests and architects. There is an important distinction to be drawn here between projects: ‘a temporary Endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result’ and the profession of project management; or at least ‘modern project management’. For a discipline to be considered a profession a number of attributes are generally considered necessary; these are: †¢ Practitioners are required to meet formal educational and entry requirements, †¢ autonomy over the terms and conditions of practice, a code of ethics, †¢ a commitment to service ideals, †¢ a monopoly over a discrete body of knowledge and related skills. Within this context, project management is best considered an ‘emerging profession’ that has developed during the last 30 to 40 years. Over this period project management associations around the world have developed a generally consistent view of the processes involved in ‘project management’, encoded these views into ‘Bodies of Knowledge’ (BoKs), described competent behaviors and are now certifying knowledgeable and/or competent ‘Project Managers’. Certainly, if ‘modern project management’ does not qualify as a fully fledged profession at this point in time, it will evolve into one fairly quickly. The Evolution of Project Management Tools The central theme running through the various project management concepts is that project management is an integrative process that has at its core, the balancing of the ‘iron triangle’ of time, cost and output. All three facets must be present for a management process to be considered project management. The evolution of cost and scope control into relatively precise processes occurred during the 14th and 18th Centuries respectively. Time management lacked effective measurement and control until the emergence of ‘critical path’ scheduling in the 1960s. The branch of management that gave rise to the development of the Critical Path Method of scheduling was Operational Research (OR). OR is an interdisciplinary science which uses methods such as mathematical modeling and statistics to assist decision making in complex real-world situations. It is distinguished by its ability to look at and improve an entire system, rather than concentrating on specific processes which was the focus of Taylor’s ‘scientific management’. The growth of OR was facilitated by the increasing availability and power of computers which were needed to carry out the large numbers of calculations typically required to analyze a system. [pic] Figure 1. The Iron Triangle The first ‘project’ to add science to the process of time control was undertaken by Kelley and Walker to develop the Critical Path Method (CPM) for E. I. du Pont de Numours. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became CPM. The program they developed was trialled on plant shutdowns in 1957 And the first paper on critical path scheduling was published in 1959. The critical meeting to approve this project was held on the 7th May 1957 in Newark, Delaware, where DuPont and Remington Rand jointly committed US$226,400 to fund the project. The foundations of modern project management were laid in 1957; but it took another 12 years before Dr Martin Barnes first described the ‘iron triangle’ of time, cost and output in a course he developed for his UK clients in 1969 called ‘Time and Money in Contract Control’. PM AND INNOVATION: THE FUTURE Defining PM for Future The biggest challenge facing project management is answering the question ‘what is a project? ’ Until this question can be answered unambiguously the foundation of project management cannot be defined. Current definitions such as the PMBOK’s ‘a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result’ can apply to the baking of a cake as easily as the construction of a multi story building. They are both temporary endeavors to create a unique outcome but in all probability the baking of a cake is not a project. The traditional view of projects embedded in the various BoKs is derived from both the management theories underpinning ‘modern project management’ and the industrial base of early project management practitioners (construction / defense / engineering). The BoKs tend to treat projects as naturally occurring entities that need to be managed. This is an easy enough assumption when focusing on a building or a battle ship. There is a physical presence that occupies a defined space that needs creating in a defined timeframe to a defined scope. This view assumes project exists and project management is about transforming the raw materials of the project into a finished and useful form. Consequently it is the presence of the project itself that defines ‘project management’. The PMBOKs version is ‘The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements’. However, if we cannot precisely define a ‘project’, there is no basis for project management and consequently no foundation for a useable theory of project management. Researchers and academics are starting to reverse the idea that a project is necessary for project management to exist and suggest it is the application of ‘project management’ to an endeavour that creates a project. Some of the ideas being discussed include: †¢ Projects as ‘Temporary Knowledge Organizations (TKOs)’. This school of thought focuses on the idea that the primary instrument of project management is the project team and the recognition that predictability is not a reality of project management. Some key ideas include: o The concept of the project team as a ‘complex adaptive system (or organism)’, living on the ‘edge of chaos’; responding and adapting to its surroundings (ie the project’s stakeholders) offers one new set of insights. o The idea of ‘Nonlinearity’ suggests that you can do the same thing several times over and get completely different results. Small differences may lead to big changes whilst big variations may have minimal effect. This idea questions the validity of ‘detailed programming’ attempting to predict the path of a project (the ‘butterfly effect’, constrained by ‘strange attractors’). The concept of ‘Complex Responsive Processes of Relating’ (CRPR) puts emphasis on the interaction among people and the essentially responsive and participative nature of the human processes of organizing and relating. According to the modern trend in these field, consequence of accepting these theories is to shift the focus of ‘project management’ from the object of the project to the people involved in the project (ie, its stakeholders), and to recognize that it is people who create the project, work on the project and close the project with all innovation. Consequently the purpose of most if not all project ‘control documents’ such as schedules and cost plans shift from being an attempt to ‘control the future’ this is impossible; to a process for communicating with and influencing stakeholders to encourage and guide their involvement in the project. Notwithstanding the advantages of project management, it would be unreasonable to expect all innovation to be carried out through projects. In fact, many ideas are generated by employees in a company on a regular basis, not only within project teams. Thus, there is certainly a room for functional, on-going organization of innovation process. Even more so, in certain situations project management can be detrimental to innovation. Aggeri and Segrestin (2007) show that the recent project development methods in automotive industry can induce negative effects on collective learning processes and these effects have managerial implications for innovative developments. Argument for Managing Innovation in Projects The origins of project management in the manufacturing and construction ndustries determine an engineering perspective, viewing a project as a task-focused entity, proceeding in a linear or similar way from the point of initiation to implementation. This view prevailed until comparatively recently. This view is seemingly in stark contrast with the nature of innovation. It is increasingly being acknowledged that the innovation is a complex non-linear process. The earliest view on innovation process as a pipeline model (whereby a given input is transformed to a specific output) has been largely abandoned. Presently, however, project management is increasingly recognised as a key generic skill for business management (Fangel, 1993), rather than a planning-oriented technique or an application of engineering sciences and optimization theory, in which project management has its roots (Soderlund, 2004). The â€Å"management by projects† has emerged as general mode of organizing for all forms of enterprise (Turner 2003). This new conceptualization of project management enables to embrace the non-linear nature of innovation. Even a creative and non-linear nature of innovation is often characterized as an organizational or management process, rather than spontaneous improvisation. Davila et al. (2006) state, Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline. Hence, a project, with its defined objective, scope, budget and limitations, can be an appropriate setting of innovation. The other closely linked element in the new world of project management with innovation is embracing uncertainty. Writing on paper cannot control the future! Schedules do not control time; cost plans do not control costs. Plans outline a possible future and provided a basis for recognizing when things ‘are not going to plan’. For innovation project management to succeed, both project and senior management are going to need to embrace uncertainty and learn skills to manage it rather than expecting predictability and inevitably being disappointed by the variability of ‘reality’ as it unfolds. Challenges of Empirical Studies Scarcity and unreliability, or even lack of data poses a big challenge in research in both innovation and project management. A macro-level research n PM is obstructed by the lack of data on the number of projects, carried out by firms and public institutions, and their characteristics. Problems stem from the definition of a project and the non-disclosure policy of most companies. In such circumstances, PM research has tended to rely on case-studies or on small-scale tailor-made surveys. There i s a widely acknowledged lack of large-scale empirical research in PM (Kloppenborg and Opfer, 2002; Soderlund, 2004). It is claimed that the Independent Project Analysis (IPA) is the market leader in quantitative analysis of project management systems, i. . in project evaluation and project system benchmarking (IPA, 2007). All IPA analyses and research are based on proprietary databases. As of mid-2009, IPA’s databases contain more than 11,000 projects of all sizes ($20,000 to $25 billion) executed across the world. Each year, approximately 1,000 projects are added with representation from the many different industries served by IPA. Each project in our databases is characterized by over 2,000 project attributes, including technology, project scope, project type, project costs, year of authorization, and geographical location (IPA 2009). All information contained in the IPA databases is carefully protected and kept as confidential proprietary data (IPA, 2009). Due to the issues of confidentiality, access for academic researchers is restricted. In the innovation field, academic community has been increasingly using several sources of data, such as granted patents, tailor-made surveys, as well as other data provided by national statistical offices. European research on innovation uses several instruments to obtain data on innovation indicators and to assess national innovation performance. The two main instruments are the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) and the European Innovation Scorecard (EIS). As of 2009, five successful CIS surveys have been carried out: CIS1 (1992), CIS2 (1996), CIS3 (2001), CIS4 (2004) and CIS 2006. Each new round was characterized by an improved questionnaire, in line with the evolution of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. The more recent surveys embraced understanding of innovation in a broader sense, and for example, paid more attention to service innovations. Further, it is expected that the future surveys will also include management techniques, organizational change, environmental benefits, and design and marketing issues. We argue that, taken into consideration the growing relevance of innovation projects, a clearer and explicit wording should be used in CIS questionnaire for determining whether innovation is organized and carried out in projects or functionally. CONCLUSIONS Innovation studies and project management as distinctive disciplines have been developing in a relative isolation from each other. The analysis in innovation studies domain has rarely explored the mechanisms and patterns of innovation in projects in contrast to traditional (functional or hierarchical) organization. However, since innovation management in companies is increasingly organized in projects, it is of utmost importance to directly address the interplay between innovation management and project management. In this paper, based on the relevant literature and insights from practice, we conceptually examined the relationships between these two research areas aiming at bridging the gap between them. It is widely acknowledged within the discipline of innovation studies that there is a high percentage of failure of innovation initiatives, in other words, failure is inevitable when managing innovation. The key skill set of the competent project manager will be identifying and managing stakeholder expectations using tools such as the Stakeholder circle to help identify the project’s key stakeholders. Innovation is perceived as a luxury, not as a necessity. Therefore, it is of high priority to manage innovation effectively and efficiently with constrained budgets.

Clockwork Orange And The Age Of Mechanical Reproduction Essay -- essay

Clockwork Orange and the Age of Mechanical Reproduction For Walter Benjamin, the defining characteristic of modernity was mass assembly and production of commodities, concomitant with this transformation of production is the destruction of tradition and the mode of experience which depends upon that tradition. While the destruction of tradition means the destruction of authenticity, of the originally, in that it also collapses the distance between art and the masses it makes possible the liberation which capitalism both obscures and opposes. While commodity fetishism represents the alienation away from use-value and towards exchange-value, leading to the assembly line construction of the same--as we see relentlessly analyzed by Horkheimer and Adorno in their essay The Culture Industry. Benjamin believes that with the destruction of tradition, laboratory potentialities are nonetheless created. The process of the destruction of aura through mass reproduction brings about the "destruction of traditional modes of experience through shock," in response new forms of experience are created which attempt to cope with that shock. "Even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking one element: its presence in time and space, it’s unique existence at the place where it happens to be. This unique existence of the work of art determined the history to which it was subject throughout the time of its existence. The authenticity of a thing is the essence of all that is transmissible from its beginning" when substantive duration ceases to matter, he says, the authority of the object is threatened. (Think, for example of Alex's response to high art...) "technology has subjected the human sensorium to a complex kind of training. There came a day when a new and urgent need for stimuli was met by the film. In a film, perception in the form of shocks was established as a formal principle. That which determines the rhythm of production on a conveyor belt is the basis of the rhythm of reception in a film." (Motifs in Baudelaire) Benjamin distinguishes between two kinds of experience: Erfahrung something integrated as experience, and Erlebnis, something merely lived through. Erlebnis characterizes the modern age and refers to the inability to integrate oneself and the world via experience. Erlebnis, then, ... ...lus (a "very important piece of art," ritualized and de-politicized) is made into a weapon, and the scene of her death is a nearly subliminal orgy of modern-art. Whereas she, as with the use of all high-art among the Bourgeoisie, finds only exchange value in the phallus, phallus as pure sign, Alex initiates the violent reversal of that commodification. He turns it into a tool, here a tool of violence; what she has done is to inject exhibition value into forms of art which have only exchange value, the work of art in the hands of the Bourgeoisie is reinjected with a type of aura, which only lead it further in the direction of losing control (like the reinjection of aura in the robot --Maria's aura--in Metropolis). Control is lost and the phallus becomes a weapon, a violent recontextualization by Alex. He proves to understand well this process. There are also similarities here with the State's control of his mind through conditioning. The state attempts to gain control by turning Alex into a robot (a clockwork orange), thus commodifying him (isn't this the struggle at the end for control of Alex--the liberals and state?). His use-value is a fun ction of his exchange-value.

In what ways have changes in technology led to changes Essay

The technological advances of today had greatly influenced the conceptualization up to implementation of software architectures. Miniaturization of hardware dependence, further enhancement of capabilities and features, faster processing time for the most accurate result(s), and the most considered by many as the most important of all, improvement of user-friendliness were only just an ample of the trends happening today for the software industry. Since these were the trends, software architects had to cope up with the peoples demand for better software interaction experience. The large computers that occupy a whole room but do the same capabilities of our personal computers nowadays were had long been obsolete. Computers had long been recognized by many as a nice help for human living. Man then realized that computers need to be portable in order that man could bring it wherever he goes and utilize it whenever he likes or whenever he needed. Hardware for computers is now made to be as compact as possible, (great example would be the hardware of mobile phones). This trend is then accompanied by the need for better algorithms and implementation codes. The task for creating such algorithms and codes had turned to be more complex as time goes. Software makers had then thought that it is better that this problem be distributed to a group of people so that it would be easier to solve. People they will select to handle the task should have the knowledge for the specific task he should do. And then after this creation of algorithm phase, the remaining problem would then be how the person to use would utilize the code without requiring him to know all the science behind it. Technology is fast changing. Computer and software improvements are a part of this changing technology. That is why the field of software architecture emerged. References: Software Architecture. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Software_architecture.

Hell What We Think We Know - 2123 Words

HELL, WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW The subject of Hell is a subject that turns many people off to organized religion today. After all, who wants to spend their Sunday mornings listening to a preacher rant and rave about the â€Å"Hell fire and brimstone† of Hell or â€Å"burning in Hell† or if you don’t change your ways you will spend eternity in Hell. Most want to be entertained and walk out of church feeling all warm and fuzzy. Therefore, clergy mostly ignore the subject or gloss over it even though they believe Hell exists because of their extensive study of God’s word. After all, it is pretty horrible to think of someone being sent to Hell for eternity, but Hell is given more time in the Scriptures than Heaven. Hell is as difficult to describe†¦show more content†¦The other chamber is for the wicked dead and is more like what we perceive Hell is like. Both are awaiting resurrection, one is for the resurrection to life and the other is the resurrection to condemnation. The third description of Hell is considered the place of the lost for eternity after the resurrection. This is the place where bodies are thrown and burned. It is a place of everlasting punishment where the fire is constantly burning to keep the smell of the burning flesh from becoming too strong. It is described as a place where lost spirits live, where â€Å"their worm never dies and their fire is never quenched† according to the warnings of Jesus. A fourth description of Hell is found in 2 Peter 2:4. Peter describes Hell as a place where fallen angels are sent as punishment. He explains that God did not spare the angels who sinned or people who lived before the flood. He threw them into Hell, in gloomy pits of darkness, where they will be held until the Day of Judgment. This should make it clear to all of us that God judges sinners and Hell is where they find themselves for eternity. The fifth description of Hell is described as the lake of fire, a fiery lake of burning sulfur. 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